The schnittaxiom and unions of fuzzy subgroups

A necessary and sufficient condition for the union of an arbitrary family of fuzzy subgroups of a group to be a fuzzy group has been proposed. The criterion which gives a cut of the unit interval is called the Schnittaxiom. It has been applied successfully to investigate fuzzy subgroupness of arbitrary unions of homomorphic images and preimages.     

Modelling of addition polymerization processes — Free radical,ionic, group transfer,and ziegler–natta kinetics

A brief review of addition polymerization processes is presented with a summary of the key characteristics classified by kinetic mechanism (free-radical, anionic, cationic, group transfer, or Ziegler–Natta), phase behavior, and reactor type. A practical approach to modelling in the industrial R & D environment is discussed in terms of a CAD package for polymerization processes.     

TES modeling for analysis of a video multiplexer

The transport of video images is likely to be a major application of high-speed networks of the future. These applications are capable of utilizing the high bandwidths that will become available with the advent of B-ISDN. In this paper, we propose a new methodology (called TES) for modeling the frame bitrate stream generated by compressed video sources. The main characteristic of this method is that it can model an arbitrary marginal distribution and approximate the autocorrelation structure of the random bitrate process generated by compressed frames. We present a modeling example utilizing this method, based on data from a video coding algorithm employing a layering technique. Using the source model, we develop a simulation model of a multiplexer of video sources. We show that this model can be used to address a number of design issues that arise in this class of problem. In particular, we show that for a layered video coding algorithm, it is possible to have a gain in the number of sources multiplexed at the cost of some loss of low priority packets.     

Bidirectional calibration results for 11 spectralon and 16 BaSO4 reference reflectance panels

Eleven Spectralon¹ (a sintered polytetrafluoroethylene-based material) and 16 BaSO₄ reference reflectance panels were calibrated using a field calibration technique. The Spectralon panels differed both in their directional/hemispherical and directional/directional reflectance. However, the differences were sufficiently small that “general” calibration equations were developed. For panels constructed of the same material and with the same methods as those used in these experiments, the directional/directional reflectance may be within ± 0.020 at 10°, ± 0.015 at 45°, and ± 0.041 at 80° of that predicted by the “general” equations. For field measurements, these values are considerably better than those that would be obtained using a value of the directional/hemispherical reflectance. The directional/directional reflectance of the 16 BaSO₄ panels varied considerably among panels, so much so that it was not feasible to develop “general” calibration equations. Apparently, the nonlambertian properties of BaSO₄ panels are dependent upon the method of applying the barium sulfate coating.     

Plastic deformation of forearm

The unusual occurrence of plastic deformation in an adult is described.     

Silicon oxide thin films prepared by a photo-chemical vapour deposition technique

Wide band gap a-SiO_x:H films have been prepared by the photochemical decomposition of a SiH₄, CO₂ and H₂ gas mixture. Deposition parameters namely the CO₂ to SiH₄ gas flow ratio, H₂ dilution and chamber pressure were optimized in order to achieve highly photoconducting (1 × 10^-6 S cm^-1) films with an optical gap of 1.99 eV. The optical gap was found to increase with an increase in the CO₂ to SiH₄ flow ratio. A decrease in the photoconductivity, refractive index, spin g-value and a simultaneous increase in the spin density are attributed to an incorporation of oxygen into the films. Upon hydrogen dilution the photoconductivity of a-SiO_x:H films was observed to improve along with an increase of the optical gap. The spin density of a-SiO_x:H films was of the order of 10¹⁷ cm^-9. The optoelectronic properties of the films have been correlated with the bonding configurations in the film, deposition parameters and the growth kinetics. This revised version was published online in November 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Proposed modification to the CIECAM02 colour appearance model to include the simultaneous contrast effects

A modified CIECAM02 colour appearance model, named CIECAM02‐m2, is proposed to enable CIECAM02 to predict the simultaneous contrast effect. The structure of the CIECAM02‐m2 is a development from CIECAM02, and contains two different procedures for modifying the reference white; one is for lightness and the other is for hue. The model was tested using a data set accumulated in this study and the LUTCHI data. The CV values for three colour attributes between predictions and experimental data were used to evaluate the accuracy of the model. The low CV values obtained show the performance of the CIECAM02‐m2 model to predict the simultaneous contrast effect satisfactorily. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 32, 121 – 129, 2007