Understanding why adult participants at the World Senior Games choose a healthy diet

Background

Identifying those seniors most likely to adopt a healthy diet, the relative importance they place on certain perceived benefits associated with a healthy diet, and whether these perceived benefits are associated with selected demographic, lifestyle, and health history variables is important for directing effective dietary health promotion programs.

Methods

Analyses are based on a cross-sectional convenience sample of 670 seniors aged 50 years and older at the 2002 World Senior Games in St. George, Utah. Data are assessed using frequencies, bivariate analysis, analysis of variance, and multiple logistic regression analysis.

Results

Fruit and vegetable consumption was significantly higher in individuals aged 70–79, in women, in those not overweight or obese, and in those with excellent overall health. Dietary fiber consumption was significantly higher in former or never smokers, current and previous alcohol drinkers, in those not overweight or obese, and in those with excellent health. The strongest motivating factors identified for adopting a healthy diet were to improve the quality of life, to increase longevity, and to prevent disease. Of intermediate importance were the need to feel a sense of control and to satisfy likes or dislikes. Least important were the desire to experience a higher level of spirituality, social reasons, and peer acceptance.

Conclusion

Seniors who have adopted a healthy diet are more likely to have chosen that behavior because of perceived health benefits than for personal and social benefits. Overweight or obese individuals and those in poor health were less likely to be engaged in healthy eating behavior and require special attention by dieticians and public health professionals.

     

Color and Selected Properties of PbO─BiO1.5─GaO1.5 Glasses

The density; molar volume; thermal expansion coefficient; dissolution rate in water, HC1, and NaOH; glass transition and crystallization temperatures; and the absorption edge in the ultraviolet-visible and infrared were measured for PbO─BiO1.5─GaO1.5 glasses. The range of compositions investigated was x PbO (100 − (x + y) )BiO_1.5. yGaO_1.5 for x between 20 and 60 cat% and y of 20, 25, 30, and 35 cat%. The glass-forming tendency increased with increased GaO_1.5 and decreased with increased PbO or BiO_1.5. The compositional dependence of these properties was consistent with the weight, size, charge, and bond strength of the cations. The Ga^{3 +} ions in these glasses are believed to act primarily as network-forming cations, whereas the majority of the Bi³⁺ and Pb²⁺ ions behave as network-modifying cations. It is suggested that a small friction of the lead ions are present as Pb⁴⁺. Depending upon melting conditions, these glasses ranged in color from brown to yellow. Various attempts, including containerless melting, were made to obtain colorless glasses, but no conditions were found which totally eliminated the color. The least color (pale yellow) was obtained when the glasses were melted in an air or nitrogen atmosphere in an alumina or gold crucible.     

Influence of untreated and novel electron‐beam‐modified surface‐coated silica filler on the thermorheological properties of ethylene–octene copolymer

We developed surface‐modified silica fillers by coating these with an acrylate monomer, trimethylolpropane triacrylate, or a silane coupling agent, triethoxyvinyl silane, followed by electron‐beam irradiation at room temperature. These were incorporated in an ethylene–octene copolymer rubber. Thermorheological studies of the unvulcanized ethylene–octene copolymer and its untreated and modified silica‐filled composites were done with a shear dynamic oscillating rheometer. Modification of the silica filler, especially via the silanization process followed by electron beam treatment, significantly reduced filler–filler networking as revealed from the log–log plots of storage modulus and complex shear viscosity, and its real component. The rheological complexity of the compositions was analyzed from a double logarithmic plot of the storage modulus and loss modulus. The results obtained from the master curves constructed on the basis of the time–temperature superposition principle and the activation energy calculated from the Arrhenius equation for the flow of above these compounds further supported these findings. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 90: 2453–2459, 2003     

A microscopic model for catalytic surfaces—I. Catalytic wires and gauzes

A new “fuzzy wire” model of catalytic wires and gauzes is presented which is in good agreement with observed ignition, extinction, and flickering phenomena. The model predicts both simple harmonic oscillations as well as a wide variety of nonperiodic chaotic oscillations. Quantitative comparisons with data for butane oxidation and cyclohexene oxidation are quite good; however, the very long period oscillations observed for H₂ and CO oxidation are not predicted by the simplest forms of the model.     

Na_2O-TeO_2系统玻璃形成液体脆性的研究

通过测量Na2 O -TeO2 系统玻璃转化区的热容曲线 ,对该系统不同成分玻璃形成液体的热力学和动力学脆性进行研究。结果表明 :该系统玻璃形成液体从热力学和动力学综合看脆性程度介于强弱之间 ,为中性偏脆性。随着氧化钠含量的升高 ,玻璃形成液体的脆性增强。用Kissinger方程和Ritland -Bartanev方程 ,得到的在玻璃转变区的结构松弛激活能十分接近。对该系统玻璃形成液体脆性参数的计算也得到该玻璃形成液体脆性分类的相同结果     

Polymerization of olefins through heterogeneous catalysis X: Modeling of particle growth and morphology

The development of a detailed model describing particle growth in olefin copolymerization systems is presented. The Multigrain Model considers in detail monomer sorption, mass transfer, and changing porosity within the growing particle, as well as heat and mass transfer across the external film of the particle. The model predicts catalyst performance, including polymerization rates and particle morphology, in different reactor media without parameter adjustment. Internal void fractions are calculated through an examination of the relative growth rates within the growing particle. The model is used to examine the effects of mass transfer limitations, prepolymerization, and nonuniform metal distribution on the particle growth process. Model predictions of morphology show the same trends as observed experimentally.     

Highly stable novel inorganic hydrides from aqueous electrolysis and plasma electrolysis

After 10⁴ h of continuous aqueous electrolysis with K₂CO₃ as the electrolyte, highly stable novel inorganic hydride compounds such as KH KHCO₃ and KH were isolated and identified by time of flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy (ToF-SIMS). The existence of novel hydride ions was determined using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and solid state magic-angle spinning proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (¹H MAS NMR). A novel hydride ion formed by plasma electrolysis of a K₂CO₃, Rb₂CO₃, or Cs₂CO₃ electrolyte was also observed by high resolution visible spectroscopy at 407.0 nm corresponding to its predicted binding energy of 3.05 eV.     

Evaluating the role of composition and local structure on alkali out-diffusion in glasses for thin-film solar cells

The presence of alkali ions has reportedly improved the performance of CIGS/CZTS–based thin-film solar cells. The out-diffusion of the alkali ion, in particular, Na, from the glass substrate offers a facile scalable route of supplying the alkali ions during the growth of the absorber layer. In this work, we demonstrate the diffusion of different alkali ions (Li/Na/K) from composition tuned glasses with intentionally incorporated excess alkali ions into a thin Mo film, typically used as a bottom electrode in solar cells. We also evaluate the physical, mechanical, and thermal properties of the glasses for suitability as a substrate in thin-film deposition. The out-diffusion of alkali ions to the overlayer is found to be critically influenced by the composition and the local structure of the glasses. The Na ions exhibit the highest extent of diffusion among the alkali ions present in glass substrates, while that for the K-ions is the lowest. For the glasses with mixed alkali ions, the presence of Li facilitated the out-diffusion of Na, whereas K ions appear to inhibit the same. Differently with the existing reports, we show that the activation energy and the presence of Ca ions as additional modifiers play a crucial role in the transport mechanism of the ions. In addition, the synthesized glasses exhibit hardness of the order 5-7 GPa, density ~2.55 g cm^-3. The glass transition temperature lies between 535 and 580°C and the coefficient of thermal expansion 8.5-10 ppm/K, which is highly suitable for use as substrates in thin-film solar cells.     

Improving delamination resistance of carbon fiber reinforced polymeric composite by interface engineering using carbonaceous nanofillers through electrophoretic deposition: An assessment at different in-service temperatures

In this article, modification of carbon fiber surface by carbon based nanofillers (multi-walled carbon nanotubes [CNT], carbon nanofibers, and multi-layered graphene) has been achieved by electrophoretic deposition technique to improve its interfacial bonding with epoxy matrix, with a target to improve the mechanical performance of carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites. Flexural and short beam shear properties of the composites were studied at extreme temperature conditions; in-situ cryo, room and elevated temperature (−196, 30, and 120°C respectively). Laminate reinforced with CNT grafted carbon fibers exhibited highest delamination resistance with maximum improvement in flexural strength as well as in inter-laminar shear strength (ILSS) among all the carbon fiber reinforced epoxy (CE) composites at all in-situ temperatures. CNT modified CE composite showed increment of 9% in flexural strength and 17.43% in ILSS when compared to that of unmodified CE composite at room temperature (30°C). Thermomechanical properties were investigated using dynamic mechanical analysis. Fractography was also carried out to study different modes of failure of the composites.