Efficient Total Chemical Synthesis of 13C=18O Isotopomers of Human Insulin for Isotope‐Edited FTIR

Isotope‐edited two‐dimensional Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (2 D FTIR) can potentially provide a unique probe of protein structure and dynamics. However, general methods for the site‐specific incorporation of stable ¹³C=¹⁸O labels into the polypeptide backbone of the protein molecule have not yet been established. Here we describe, as a prototype for the incorporation of specific arrays of isotope labels, the total chemical synthesis—via a key ester insulin intermediate—of 97 % enriched [(1‐¹³C=¹⁸O)Phe^B24] human insulin: stable‐isotope labeled at a single backbone amide carbonyl. The amino acid sequence as well as the positions of the disulfide bonds and the correctly folded structure were unambiguously confirmed by the X‐ray crystal structure of the synthetic protein molecule. In vitro assays of the isotope labeled [(1‐¹³C=¹⁸O)Phe^B24] human insulin showed that it had full insulin receptor binding activity. Linear and 2 D IR spectra revealed a distinct red‐shifted amide I carbonyl band peak at 1595 cm^?1 resulting from the (1‐¹³C=¹⁸O)Phe^B24 backbone label. This work illustrates the utility of chemical synthesis to enable the application of advanced physical methods for the elucidation of the molecular basis of protein function.     

Comments on “A fuzzy neural network and its application topattern recognition”

This note analyzes the unsupervised fuzzy neural network (FNNU) of the original paper by Kwan and Cai (ibid., vol.2, p.185-93, 1994) and finds the following: the FNNU is a clustering net, not a classifier net, and the number of clusters the network settles to may be less or more than the actual number of pattern classes (sometimes it could even be equal to the number of training data points); the huge number of connections in the FNNU can be drastically reduced without degrading its performance; and the algorithm does not have any learning capability for its parameters. Computational experience shows that usually the performance of a multilayer perceptron (MLP) is comparable to that of even a supervised version of FNN (trained by gradient descent algorithm) in terms of recognition scores, but an MLP has a much faster convergence than the supervised version of FNN     

A fast Gibbs sampler for synthesizing constrained fractals

It is well known that the spatial frequency spectrum of membrane and thin plate splines exhibit self-affine characteristics and, hence, behave as fractals. This behavior was exploited in generating the constrained fractal surfaces, which were generated by using a Gibbs sampler algorithm in the work of Szeliski and Terzopoulos (1989). The algorithm involves locally perturbing a constrained spline surface with white noise until the spline surface reaches an equilibrium state. We introduce a fast generalized Gibbs sampler that combines two novel techniques, namely, a preconditioning technique in a wavelet basis for constraining the splines and a perturbation scheme in which, unlike the traditional Gibbs sampler, all sites (surface nodes) that do not share a common neighbor are updated simultaneously. In addition, we demonstrate the capability to generate arbitrary order fractal surfaces without resorting to blending techniques. Using this fast Gibbs sampler algorithm, we demonstrate the synthesis of realistic terrain models from sparse elevation data     

Video traffic analytics for large scale surveillance

The video traffic analysis is the most important issue for large scale surveillance. In the large scale surveillance system, huge amount of live digital video data is submitted to the storage servers through the number of externally connected scalable components. The system also contains huge amount of popular and unpopular old videos in the archived storage servers. The video data is delivered to the viewers, partly or completely on demand through a compact system. In real time, huge amount of video data is imported to the viewer’s node for various analysis purposes. The viewers use a number of interactive operations during the real time tracking suspect. The compact video on demand system is used in peer to peer mesh type hybrid architecture. The chunk of video objects move fast through the real time generated compact topological space. Video traffic analytics is required to transfer compressed multimedia data efficiently. In this work, we present a dynamically developed topological space, using mixed strategy by game approach to move the video traffic faster. The simulation results are well addressed in real life scenario.     

Product recommendation for e-commerce business by applying principal component analysis (PCA) and K-means clustering: benefit for the society

Innovations in Systems and Software Engineering - Recommender system is a computer-based intelligent technique which facilitates the customers to fulfill their purchase requirements. In addition to...     

Geometry and Control of Human Eye Movements

In this paper, we study the human oculomotor system as a simple mechanical control system. It is a well known physiological fact that all eye movements obey Listing's law, which states that eye orientations form a subset consisting of rotation matrices for which the axes are orthogonal to the normal gaze direction. First, we discuss the geometry of this restricted configuration space (referred to as the Listing space). Then we formulate the system as a simple mechanical control system with a holonomic constraint. We propose a realistic model with musculotendon complexes and address the question of controlling the gaze. As an example, an optimal energy control problem is formulated and numerically solved     

Wide null control of symmetric linear antenna array using novel particle swarm optimization

In this article, the method of nullifying the radiation pattern of a symmetric linear antenna array in a particular direction is propounded using an evolutionary swarm intelligence technique, Novel particle swarm optimization (NPSO). Particle swarm optimization with constriction factor approach (PSOCFA) is also adopted to compare the NPSO based results. Single or multiple wide nulls are achieved by optimum perturbations of elements current amplitude weights to have symmetric nulls about the main beam. Different numerical examples are presented to illustrate the capability of NPSO for pattern synthesis with a prescribed wide nulls locations and depths. Further, the peak Sidelobe Levels are also reduces when compared to a uniformly excited array having equal number of elements. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE, 2011.     

An improved multigrid method for Euler equations

A new full approximation storage multigrid method has been developed for Euler equations. Instead of the usual approach of using frozen τ (the relative truncation error between fine and coarse grid levels), the relative truncation error is distributed over coarse grids based on the solution of a set of model equations at every time step. This allows for more number of sweeps at coarse grid level. As a result, the present multigrid method is able to accelerate the solution at much faster rate than the conventional multigrid method. A first order Steger and Warming flux vector splitting strategy has been used here for solving Euler equations as well as the model equations for τ. Results are presented to demonstrate the ability of the present multigrid method.     

Robust vectorization method for electrical circuit drawings using component morphology

Pattern Analysis and Applications - Decomposition and representation of electrical circuit drawings to a suitable vector form has widespread applications related to data compression, storage,...     

Editorial preface

Innovations in Systems and Software Engineering -