Cavitation in Liquid Helium Observed in a Flow Due to a Vibrating Quartz Fork

A quartz fork vibrating at high amplitude is used to study cavitation in He I and He II along the saturated vapor pressure (SVP) curve and at slightly elevated pressures. Cavitation is observed as a breakdown of the resonance response at critical velocity when slowly sweeping the frequency of the drive across the resonance and confirmed by visual observation of a bubble occurring in He II in the space between the prongs of the fork. On decreasing the temperature from 4.2 K along the SVP curve the critical velocity slowly increases from about 0.4 m/s to 1 m/s, until a steep increase up to about 2 m/s occurs within about 20 mK just below the superfluid transition. We discuss our results, including the measured dependence of the critical velocity versus overpressure at fixed bath temperature.      

Do simultaneous inventions sleep? A case study on nursing sleeping papers

Simultaneous inventions and Sleeping papers are two interesting phenomena in scientific discovery and knowledge development processes, however they were not yet researched as a single occurrence. To close this gap, we performed a bibliometric study in which we analysed if simultaneous discoveries can also be subjected to delayed recognition. The analysis was performed on four already identified nursing Sleeping Papers and resulted in one Sleeping simultaneous invention. Sleeping simultaneous inventions or partially sleeping inventions may represent a valuable source for improved understanding about knowledge development processes and are worth candidates for future research.

     

Untersuchungen über die Variation des Last-Verschiebungsverhaltens in Nagelverbindungen

1088 single-nail tension tests were carried out on 109 spruce double-shear specimens in order to analyze the variation of the load-slip behaviour of non pre-drilled nailed connections. The following parameters of the load-slip behaviour were determined from each test: maximum load, elastic slip modulus, initial slip modulus and slip modulus according to ISO 6891, as well as the three parameters of a fitted function. Tests with nails penetrating a knot resulted in a 20% increase in maximum load and elastic slip modulus. The autocorrelation of the parameters of the load-slip behaviour as well as their mutual correlation do not depend on the nail spacing in the range of 73 mm to 657 mm.     

Visual strength grading of Argentinean Eucalyptus grandis

The present paper reports the results of an investigation regarding the design of a method for visually grading sawn timber of Argentinean Eucalyptus grandis. An empirical research project with four samples of beams and one sample of boards subjected to bending, one sample of boards subjected to tension and one sample of specimens subjected to compression, was carried out. The results obtained with specimens in structural sizes show the influence of the more important strength and stiffness reducing growth characteristics and allow to analyse different strength, stiffness and density profiles in comparison with the international strength class system established in the European standard EN 338. The research also reveals particularities for this timber species as the high ratio of modulus of elasticity and strength to density, in comparison with other deciduous species, among others.

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Visuelle Festigkeitssortierung von Eucalyptus grandis aus ArgentinienFestigkeits-, Steifigkeits- und Rohdichteprofile und zugehörige Grenzwerte der Sortierparameter

Zusammenfassung Dieser Beitrag fasst die Ergebnisse einer Studie zusammen, in der die Möglichkeiten einer visuellen Festigkeitssortierung von Eucalyptus grandis aus Argentinien untersucht wurden. Die Untersuchung umfasste vier Teilstichproben mit Kanthölzern und eine Teilstichprobe mit Brettern in Biegeversuchen und jeweils eine Teilstichprobe mit Zug- bzw. Druckprüfkörpern. Die Ergebnisse der Versuche mit Prüfkörpern in Bauholzabmessungen zeigen den Einfluss der wichtigsten visuellen Sortierparameter und erlauben die Einteilung von Bauholz aus Eucalyptus grandis in unterschiedliche Festigkeitsklassen nach EN 338. Die vorliegende Studie zeigt darüber hinaus besondere Eigenschaften dieser Laubholzart wie das hohe Verhältnis von Elastizitätsmodul und Festigkeit zur Rohdichte.

     

Lochleibungsfestigkeit von Furnierschichtholz aus Fichte

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

New polyimidazolyl and pyrazolyl esters

Summary New polyimidazolyl and polypyrazolyl esters were synthesized by polycondensation of the chlorides of the pyrazolyl and imidazolyl dicarboxylic acids with ethylene glycol,pentamethylene glycol and glycerol.Dedicated to the 60th anniversary of Prof. C.I. Simionescu     

Modelle für die Berechnung der Ausziehtragfähigkeit von selbstbohrenden Holzschrauben

Equations to calculate the withdrawal capacity of self-tapping screws, arranged in softwood, were determined. Based on results of 1850 withdrawal tests and by means of a regression analysis one equation for the withdrawal resistance and two further equations for the withdrawal parameter (resistance over nominal screw diameter and penetration depth) were derived. Nominal screw diameter, penetration depth and characteristic density of the softwood used are the independent variables in the equations, which are valid for an angle in the range of 45° to 90° between the screw axis and the grain. The equation for the withdrawal resistance delivers, also in comparison with code rules, the most favourable values. It enables now a more accurate estimation of the withdrawal resistance for wood screws with geometrical properties similar to those of the screws used for the tests. Hence, the benefit of this study is the reduction in testing, which is currently necessary for technical approvals.     

Effect of location in the canopy on the colour development of three apple cultivars during growth

BACKGROUND: Homogeneity in appearance is one of the quality aspects asked for in the supply chain. Decreasing the biological variation in batches of harvested apples (cultivars Braeburn, Fuji and Gala) becomes increasingly important. Skin colour is one of the aspects that determine both optimal harvest and stage of development. Skin colour is affected by location in the canopy. The rules of development of biological variation are now established and will be used on skin colour data. RESULTS: The Minolta colour aspects a*, b* and L* measured before commercial harvest change in a sigmoidal fashion and can be analysed including the biological variation, with a logistic model in indexed nonlinear regression, obtaining explained parts of above 90%. The mechanism of colour change is not affected by state of development or location in the canopy. The location in the canopy affects the intensity of both red and green colouring compounds. The variation in colouration is not affected by the location in the canopy. CONCLUSION: The red‐coloured apple cultivar (Gala) depends more on the location in the canopy than the less‐coloured cultivars (Fuji and Braeburn). The colour development in Fuji apples is considerably slower, with a much larger variation in stage of development. The location in the canopy affects all aspects of biological variation (biological shift factor and asymptotic starting level of colouration) for all three colour aspects L*, a* and b*, but only the mean value, not the standard deviation. The biological shift factors per colour aspects are linearly related. Once induced, variation remains constant during development. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

Development of a nucleic acid lateral flow immunoassay for simultaneous detection of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Listeria</Emphasis> spp. and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Listeria</Emphasis><Emphasis Type="Italic">monocytogenes</Emphasis> in food

We present a new nucleic acid lateral flow immunoassay (NALFIA) for the assessment of listeria contamination. The detection procedure starts with enrichment of sample in Half Fraser broth (24 h). Following isolation of DNA, a duplex PCR is performed with two labelled primer sets, one generic and directed to a specific sequence of the gene encoding 16S rRNA from Listeria spp. and the other specific and directed to a part of the prfA gene encoding the central virulence gene regulator from the food pathogen Listeria monocytogenes (3.5 h). The PCR solution is directly added to the one-step assay device and the appearance of a grey/black line is indicative of the presence of specific amplicons (max 15 min). In all tests performed, the method correctly identified L. monocytogenes and strains of Listeria spp. PCR material of over 20 food samples was tested by NALFIA. The method proved to be useful for the detection of L. monocytogenes in different kinds of food samples.