基于FPGA设计航空电子系统

基于现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)核心的实施体现了先进的现代航空电子设计方法。这项技术具有多种优势,如废弃组件管理、降低设计风险、提高集成度、减小体积、降低功耗和提高故障平均间隔时间(MTBF)等,吸引着用户将原来的系统转移到此项技术。MIL-STD-1553的市场可能随着这种趋势而繁荣起来;事实上,某些客户已经觉得这项技术的实施有点姗姗来迟。MIL-STD-1553核心带来了多种好处,它代表着彻底告别了ASIC传统。FPGA中加入一项知识产权核心,就获得了一种与众不同的特性,而成为一个非常专业的高级子系统。这为增强MIL-STD-1553的设…     

Influence of head trauma on outcome following anterior temporal lobectomy

BACKGROUND: There is controversy in the literature regarding the importance of risk factors in developing epilepsy and seizure outcome following anterior temporal lobectomy. Some of the existing studies may be biased because of patient selection and limitations in determining predisposition. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the role of risk factors for epilepsy in determining outcome following anterior temporal lobectomy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We identified 102 patients in a consecutive surgery series for epilepsy from a tertiary center with a minimum of 1-year postoperative follow-up. Risk factors for epilepsy were determined prospectively on at least 3 occasions before anterior temporal lobectomy. Risk factors investigated were a history of febrile convulsions, family history of epilepsy, significant head trauma, history of meningitis, history of encephalitis, or significant perinatal insult. Foreign tissue lesions on magnetic resonance imaging was also included if an anterior temporal lobectomy was performed for presumed dual pathologic findings (hippocampus and lesion). Outcome was determined using Engel's classification. For statistical analysis we used successive logistic regression analysis, chi(2) test, Fisher exact test, and t test. RESULTS: Of the 102 patients, 13 had no identified risk factor for epilepsy, 49 had 1 identified risk factor, and 40 had more than 1. Frequencies were 39 febrile convulsions (15 complex febrile convulsions), 29 head trauma, 22 with lesions seen on magnetic resonance imaging, 12 history of meningitis, 2 history of encephalitis, 19 family history of epilepsy, and 4 perinatal insult. Seventy-one (70%) were classified as Engel's class I, with 56 patients continuously free of seizures at follow-up. Those without risk factor were as likely to be rendered free of seizures following anterior temporal lobectomy as those with a risk factor (P = .27). No risk factor alone or in combination was correlated with complete freedom from seizures following anterior temporal lobectomy, but the presence of head trauma, alone or in combination, was correlated with continued seizures following anterior temporal lobectomy (P = .03; odds ratio, 2.6). Better outcomes were not seen in those with head trauma before the age of 5 years (P = .57). These findings did not change if all those with lesions on magnetic resonance imaging were excluded in the analysis. Those with a history of head trauma were as likely to have pathologic evidence of mesial temporal sclerosis as others (P = .82). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with a history of significant head trauma are less likely to become free of seizures following anterior temporal lobectomy. No other risk factor correlated with a statistically significant greater or lesser chance of freedom from seizures. This information may be used in preoperative counseling of patients.     

Accelerated Growth and Early Breeding of Holstein Heifers

Twenty-four Holstein heifers were fed grain and alfalfa hay ad libitum for accelerated growth from 91 kg body weight until verification of pregnancy (Treatment A). Grain then was deleted until near time of freshening. They were bred at second estrus if they weighed at least 305 kg. An additional 24 heifers were fed a conventional roughage ration to allow a growth rate corresponding to the Beltsville growth standard and were bred when 15 to 16 mo of age (Treatment S). Observations were of growth rate, reproductive and productive performance, and length of herd life under normal culling.The A heifers gained 38% faster to 364 kg body weight (1.1 versus .8 kg/day). Average weights and ages were first estrus 275 kg, 8.3 mo (A), 288 kg, 10.2 mo (S); first breeding 319 kg, 9.6 mo (A), 392 kg, 16.8 mo (S); and first calving 560 kg, 19.7 mo (A), 26.9 mo (S). Differences in body dimensions at given weights were negligible. Treatment effects on dystocia were inconclusive. Lactation number, numbers of animals milked 100+ days, and average milk yields (kg) were: 1st lactation 24, 4436 (A), 22, 5415 (S); 2nd–22, 5295 (A), 18, 5903 (S); 3rd–12, 6278 (A), 10, 6407 (S); 4th–6, 7181 (A), 5, 5269 (S). Mean accumulative milk yields per animal to 36 mo of age were 7173 (A) and 4853 kg (S). Accelerated growth and early breeding did not affect herd life.     

Quantitative insight into dislocation nucleation from high-temperature nanoindentation experiments

Nanoindentation has become ubiquitous for the measurement of mechanical properties at ever-decreasing scales of interest, including some studies that have explored the atomic-level origins of plasticity in perfect crystals. With substantial guidance from atomistic simulations, the onset of plasticity during nanoindentation is now widely believed to be associated with homogeneous dislocation nucleation. However, to date there has been no compelling quantitative experimental support for the atomic-scale mechanisms predicted by atomistic simulations. Our purpose here is to significantly advance the quantitative potential of nanoindentation experiments for the study of dislocation nucleation. This is accomplished through the development and application of high-temperature nanoindentation testing, and the introduction of statistical methods to quantitatively evaluate data. The combined use of these techniques suggests an unexpected picture of incipient plasticity that involves heterogeneous nucleation sites, and which has not been anticipated by atomistic simulations.     

Die elektrische Leitfähigkeit von Aluminiumnitrid bei Temperaturen zwischen 1100 und 1700 °C und unterschiedlichen Stickstoffpartialdrücken

Schrifttumsübersicht über die elektrische Leitfähigkeit des Aluminiumnitrids AlN zwischen 60 und 1100 °C. Eigene Untersuchungen zur Ermittlung der elektrischen Leitfähigkeit mit Spannungsvergleichsmessungen zwischen 1100 und 1700 °C nach der Zweipol- und Vierpolmethode. Darstellung der Ergebnisse für unterschiedliche Meßfrequenzen, unterschiedliche Gasströmungen und verschiedene Stickstoffpartialdrücke der Argon-Stickstoff-Atmosphäre. Ermittlung der Aktivierungsenergien der Ladungsträger. Erörterung über den Leitungsmechanismus im AlN.     

Functional Coupling of Slack Channels and P2X3 Receptors Contributes to Neuropathic Pain Processing

The sodium-activated potassium channel Slack (K_Na1.1, Slo2.2, or Kcnt1) is highly expressed in populations of sensory neurons, where it mediates the sodium-activated potassium current (I_KNa) and modulates neuronal activity. Previous studies suggest that Slack is involved in the processing of neuropathic pain. However, mechanisms underlying the regulation of Slack activity in this context are poorly understood. Using whole-cell patch-clamp recordings we found that Slack-mediated I_KNa in sensory neurons of mice is reduced after peripheral nerve injury, thereby contributing to neuropathic pain hypersensitivity. Interestingly, Slack is closely associated with ATP-sensitive P2X3 receptors in a population of sensory neurons. In vitro experiments revealed that Slack-mediated I_KNa may be bidirectionally modulated in response to P2X3 activation. Moreover, mice lacking Slack show altered nocifensive responses to P2X3 stimulation. Our study identifies P2X3/Slack signaling as a mechanism contributing to hypersensitivity after peripheral nerve injury and proposes a potential novel strategy for treatment of neuropathic pain.