An energy impact assessment of ventilation for indoor airborne bacteria exposure risk in air-conditioned offices

Treatment of fresh air in ventilation systems for air-conditioned offices consumes a significant amount of energy and affects the indoor air quality (IAQ). In this study, energy impact on the ventilation systems was examined against certain IAQ objectives for indoor airborne bacteria exposure risk in air-conditioned offices of Hong Kong. The relationship between thermal energy consumptions and indoor airborne bacteria exposure levels based on regional surveys was investigated. The thermal energy consumptions of ventilation systems operating for carbon dioxide (CO₂) exposure concentrations between 800 and 1200 ppmv for typical office buildings and the corresponding failure probability against some target bacteria exposure levels were evaluated. The results showed that, for a reference indoor environment at a CO₂ exposure concentration of 1000 ppmv, the predicted average thermal energy saving of ventilation system for a unit increment of the expected risk of unsatisfactory IAQ of 1% was 55 MJ m⁻² yr⁻¹ and for a unit decrement of 1%, the predicted additional thermal energy consumption was 58 MJ m⁻² yr⁻¹ respectively. This study would be a useful source of reference in evaluation of the energy performance of ventilation strategies in air-conditioned offices at a quantified exposure risk of airborne bacteria.     

Source apportionment of heavy metals and ionic contaminants in rainwater tanks in a subtropical urban area in Australia

Due to prolonged droughts in recent years, the use of rainwater tanks in urban areas has increased in Australia. In order to apportion sources of contribution to heavy metal and ionic contaminants in rainwater tanks in Brisbane, a subtropical urban area in Australia, monthly tank water samples (24 sites, 31 tanks) and concurrent bulk deposition samples (18 sites) were collected during mainly April 2007-March 2008. The samples were analysed for acid-soluble metals, soluble anions, total inorganic carbon and total organic carbon, and characteristics such as total solid and pH. The Positive Matrix Factorisation model, EPA PMF 3.0, was used to apportion sources of contribution to the contaminants. Four source factors were identified for the bulk deposition samples, including ‘crustal matter/sea salt’, ‘car exhausts/road side dust’, ‘industrial dust’ and ‘aged sea salt/secondary aerosols’. For the tank water samples, apart from these atmospheric deposition related factors which contributed in total to 65% of the total contaminant concentration on average, another six rainwater collection system related factors were identified, including ‘plumbing’, ‘building material’, ‘galvanizing’, ‘roofing’, ‘steel’ and ‘lead flashing/paint’ (contributing in total to 35% of the total concentration on average). The Australian Drinking Water Guideline for lead was exceeded in 15% of the tank water samples. The collection system related factors, in particular the ‘lead flashing/paint’ factor, contributed to 79% of the lead in the tank water samples on average. The concentration of lead in tank water was found to vary with various environmental and collection system factors, in particular the presence of lead flashing on the roof. The results also indicated the important role of sludge dynamics inside the tank on the quality of tank water.     

关于取消屋面工程“防水层设计使用年限”的重要意义

2012年10月1日起颁布实施的《屋面工程技术规范》(GB50345-2012),在3.0.5条中已取消了征求意见稿和送审稿中有关"防水层设计使用年限"的规定,笔者作为该条文修改的建议者和规范审查专家,有必要对相关情况进行解读,并对今后如何执行这一条文提出一些看法和建议。     

A Method for Received Waveform Reconstruction Based on Bender Element Test Using Frequency-swept Signal

An experimental technique for reconstructing the received wave of bender element tests based on linear system theory is shown in this paper. In order to identify the frequency response of testing apparatus, bender element tests using frequency-swept signals are performed. Received waves for one-period sine pulse transmitting with various frequencies are calculated and compared with observed waves in several kinds of soil samples and testing apparatuses. The linearity of the testing system is also confirmed by coherence function. It is shown that calculated data are less affected by random noise and show good agreement with observed data in regards to not only waveform itself but also resulting shear wave velocity. It is mentioned that this technique can provide simulations for arbitrary transmitted waveform with high signal/noise ratio after laboratory tests are performed. It is also mentioned that this technique is advantageous when sufficient amplitude of received wave cannot be ensured or shear wave velocity must be verified, for example, due to uncertainty of arrival time by near-field effect.     

入世精神的出世建筑—澳门的天主教教堂

以澳门天主教堂为研究对象,探索原本在时间、空间和性质上差异极大的两种文明之间的和谐共存。通过梳理教堂的建造背景,分析教堂的典型案例,进而归纳教堂的建筑特点,发现澳门教堂既是东方建筑,又是西方建筑,既满怀必不可免的“出世”情结,也拥有无法超脱的“人间”关怀。     

生物滞留系统对城市公路径流的治理作用 有无内部蓄水层设计的对比研究

研究评价了两种生物滞留系统对于综合公路径流的治理作用。该实验位于炎热干旱的德州布赖恩市德州农工大学（TAMU）河滨校区,实验者制作了5个大型的生态滞留装置,以便于在底部形成61cm深的内部蓄水（IWS）层,分别对有无内部蓄水层设计的生物滞留系统进行了模拟真实径流水量和水质的合成公路径流测试。比较结果表明,内部蓄水（IWS）层能减少洪峰流量、延长径流滞留时间,同时还显著提高了对铜、悬浮固体以及氮和磷的去除效果。尽管内部蓄水层改善了公路径流的治理,但在炎热干旱地区使用内部蓄水层持水仍面临巨大挑战,因为大量的水会通过蒸发而散失掉。接下来的研究需要制定关于内部蓄水层在炎热干旱地区应用的进一步方针。     

Exploration of cobalt selenite-carbon composite porous nanofibers as anode for sodium-ion batteries and unveiling their conversion reaction mechanism

Efforts have been made to develop a promising anode material with a novel composition for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs).In this study,the sodium-ion storage mecha...     

空调系统节能优化运行与改造案例研究(2):冷水系统

从实例中旁通管逆流的现象出发,说明了末端侧冷水大流量小温差不仅影响冷水侧输送效率,且会对冷水机组运行造成不利影响.大流量小温差现象根源在于末端的不合理需求与水系统的过度供给,在改造时应从末端和压差设定点控制两方面入手.以实际工程为例,说明了水系统诊断与改造的全过程与实际的改造效果.     

Second order bounce back boundary condition for the latice Boltzmann fluid simulation

A new bounce back boundary method of the second order in error is proposed for the lattice Boltzmann fluid simulation. This new method can be used for the arbitrarily irregular lattice geometry of a non-slip boundary. The traditional bounce back boundary condition for the lattice Boltzmann simulation is of the first order in error. Since the lattice Boltzmann method is the second order scheme by itself, a boundary technique of the second order has been desired to replace the first order bounce back method. This study shows that, contrary to the common belief that the bounce back boundary condition is unilaterally of the first order, the second order bounce back boundary condition can be realized. This study also shows that there exists a generalized bounce back technique that can be characterized by a single interpolation parameter. The second order bounce back method can be obtained by proper selection of this parameter in accordance with the detailed lattice geometry of the boundary. For an illustrative purpose, the transient Couette and the plane Poiseuille flows are solved by the lattice Boltzmann simulation with various boundary conditions. The results show that the generalized bounce back method yields the second order behavior in the error of the solution, provided that the interpolation parameter is properly selected. Coupled with its intuitive nature and the ease of implementation, the bounce back method can be as good as any second order boundary method.