Cross Layer Approach and ANFIS based Optimized Routing in Wireless Multi-Hop Ad Hoc Networks

Wireless Personal Communications - Mobile ad hoc networks are non-dependent on any wired infrastructure and provide exceptional benefits during typical situations like conference, fair/exhibition,...     

Evaluation and Comparison of the IRS-P6 and the Landsat Sensors

The Indian Remote Sensing Satellite (IRS-P6), also called ResourceSat-1, was launched in a polar sun-synchronous orbit on October 17, 2003. It carries three sensors: the high-resolution Linear Imaging Self-Scanner (LISS-IV), the medium-resolution Linear Imaging Self-Scanner (LISS-III), and the Advanced Wide-Field Sensor (AWiFS). These three sensors provide images of different resolutions and coverage. To understand the absolute radiometric calibration accuracy of IRS-P6 AWiFS and LISS-III sensors, image pairs from these sensors were compared to images from the Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper (TM) and Landsat-7 Enhanced TM Plus (ETM+) sensors. The approach involves calibration of surface observations based on image statistics from areas observed nearly simultaneously by the two sensors. This paper also evaluated the viability of data from these next-generation imagers for use in creating three National Land Cover Dataset (NLCD) products: land cover, percent tree canopy, and percent impervious surface. Individual products were consistent with previous studies but had slightly lower overall accuracies as compared to data from the Landsat sensors.     

Hierarchical and Hybrid Cell Load Balancing in 5G Heterogeneous Mobile Networks

In Fifth Generation (5G) Heterogeneous Mobile Networks (HetNets), deploying dense small cell networks makes user association more challenging. The process of collecting cell load information from the User Equipments (UEs) and broadcasting the feedback message involves significant overhead and time complexity. Moreover, the UEs may not know the optimum cell to reselect, satisfying its data rate requirements. In order to overcome these drawbacks, in this paper, we propose to design an Hierarchical and Hybrid Cell Load Balancing (HHCLB) technique using Selective Handoff. In this technique, the UEs of each cell are grouped into clusters depending on their proximity distance. Each cluster contains a cluster controller (CC) which is in charge of determining the intra-cell load and redirecting the cell-reselection request of a UE. If the data rate of any UE in a cluster becomes less than its required rate, then the cell reselection process is performed. By simulation results, it is shown that load balancing can be done proactively (implicitly) by the CCs when the load is unbalanced or can be done on demand (explicitly) when a UE send a request for cell reselection. In the case of Macro cells, HHCLB attains 71% higher throughput for low load scenario and 59% higher throughput for high load scenario. Similarly, in the case of Femto cells, HHCLB attains 19% higher throughput for low load scenario and 27% higher throughput for high load scenario.     

Classification of brain neoplasm from multi-modality MRI with the aid of ANFIS classifier

Multidimensional Systems and Signal Processing - In medical Image processing, the chief objective is to detect Neoplasm effectively. Neoplasm is basically a sort of abnormal excessive cell growth...     

Oxidation of hydrosulphide ions on gold Part I: A cyclic voltammetry study

The results of an investigation to determine the mechanism(s) of oxidation of sulphide ions on a gold electrode are discussed. The cyclic voltammetry results are presented in Part I and characterization results after various electrochemical pretreatments are to follow in Part II. The cyclic voltammetry studies show that several stages are involved in oxidation of sulphide ions to form elemental sulphur. Initially, sulphide ions undergo underpotential deposition to form chemisorbed sulphur as isolated atoms. As oxidation proceeds, a monolayer of chemisorbed atoms is formed which reacts with sulphide ions in solution to form polysulphides at higher potentials. As the potential for oxidation is further increased elemental sulphur is produced. The reduction of polysulphide to hydrosulphide ions occurs by a 2-electron transfer process whereas the reduction of elemental sulphur occurs by a l-electron transfer process. The latter reaction involves the formation of an activated complex which is a relatively slow process.     

Hydration Study of the System Ca3Al2O6–CaSO4· 2H2O–Ca(OH)2–H2O with and without Citric Acid

Hydration occurring in the system Ca₃Al₂O₆–CaSO₄· 2H₂O–Ca(OH)₂–H₂O has been studied at different temperatures and it was found that the reactions are diffusion controlled. The kinetic data obeyed Jander's equation and the rate of reaction increased with increasing temperature. X-ray diffraction studies and calorimetric measurements show that when gypsum is consumed, ettringite is converted into monosulfate. The rate of this conversion also increased with the increasing temperature and decreased in the presence of citric acid. Spectroscopic studies showed that there was some interaction between citric acid and the cement and that the product of hydration is of colloidal nature. Zeta potential measurements show that retardation of Ca₃Al₂O₆ hydration in the presence of gypsum and Ca(OH)₂ is not due to SO²⁻₄ adsorption. Electrical conductivity and thermoelectric potential measurements of solid Ca₃Al₂O₆ show that Ca₃Al₂O₆ is an n -type semiconductor and contains defects. The retardation of Ca₃Al₂O₆ may be due to poisoning of reaction sites by gypsum and Ca(OH)_2.     

Carbohydrate changes in ripening Capsicum annuum in relation to textural degradation

 Within 8 days of harvest, fruits of Capsium annum showed striking changes in texture when ripened at room temperature. Physiologically, they showed a significant weight loss and organoleptically, a change in textural firmness which was evident microscopically, as extensive cellular damage. The associated biochemical changes during ripening were: (1) an increase in free-sugar levels, (2) an increase in in situ hydrolysis of some hemicellulose fractions (Hem a, b and c) and (3) a general increase in the activity of cellulase, α-mannosidase, laminarinase, polygalacturanase, galactanase, mannanase, β-galactosidase and hemicellulase (HCe) activity on Hem b and c. In contrast the activity of xylanase, pectin methyl esterase and HCe on Hem a decreased during ripening. Cold storage (8°C) held textural changes in check, resulting in a longer shelf-life for cold-stored fruits compared to fruits stored at room temperature. Received: 14 May 1997     

Synthesis of aromatase inhibitors and dual aromatase steroid sulfatase inhibitors by linking an arylsulfamate motif to 4-(4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-ylamino)benzonitrile: SAR, crystal structures, in vitro and in vivo activities

4-(((4-Cyanophenyl)(4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)amino)methyl)phenyl sulfamate (6 a) was the first dual aromatase-sulfatase inhibitor (DASI) reported. Several series of its derivatives with various linker systems between the steroid sulfatase (STS) and the aromatase inhibitory pharmacophores were synthesised and evaluated in JEG-3 cells. The X-ray crystal structures of the aromatase inhibitors, DASI precursors 42 d and 60, and DASI 43 h were determined. Nearly all derivatives show improved in vitro aromatase inhibition over 6 a but decreased STS inhibition. The best aromatase inhibitor is 42 e (IC(50)=0.26 nM) and the best DASI is 43 e (IC(50 aromatase)=0.45 nM, IC(50 STS)=1200 nM). SAR for aromatase inhibition shows that compounds containing an alkylene- and thioether-based linker system are more potent than those that are ether-, sulfone-, or sulfonamide-based, and that the length of the linker has a limited effect on aromatase inhibition beyond two methylene units. Compounds 43 d-f were studied in vivo (10 mg kg(-1), single, p.o.). The most potent DASI is 43 e, which inhibited PMSG-induced plasma estradiol levels by 92 % and liver STS activity by 98 % 3 h after dosing. These results further strengthen the concept of designing and developing DASIs for potential treatment of hormone-related cancers.     

Kinetics of oil dispersion in the absence and presence of block copolymers

A phenomenological model proposed describes droplet breakup in the turbulently agitated lean oil-in-water dispersions and provides a correlation between the median droplet size in an agitated vessel of standard geometry and the time of dispersion. It was assumed that the droplet breakup takes place in the dispersion-only region and coalescence is negligible. The model described the data from this study and the literature quite satisfactorily under these conditions. The effect of adding triblock PEO/PPO/PEO copolymeric surfactants on the dispersion kinetics of oil was also investigated. Addition of surfactant reduced the median oil droplet size significantly, and the extent of this reduction was a strong function of surfactant concentration. Application of the model on these data demonstrated that the change in the median droplet size could be divided into two distinct regions. The breakage rate was high initially, most probably due to continuous adsorption of surfactant molecules at the oil/water interface. A lower breakage rate was attained at longer times, as the surfactant molecules were depleted from the solution. The time of transition between the two was affected strongly by the concentration of the surfactant added. Furthermore, the time of addition of the surfactant did not affect the final droplet-size distribution in the system.