Volatiles from Ficus hispida and Their Attractiveness to Fig Wasps

Volatile compositions of receptive (ready to be pollinated), postpollinated, and postparasitized figs, and leaves of Ficus hispida were analyzed. Differences among them were examined, and the specificity of fig wasp attractiveness was investigated. Linalool was the major constituent of steam-distilled oil of either male or female receptive figs, while dibutyl phthalate was the major compound of the oils of postparasitized and postpollinated figs. In petroleum ether extracts, palmitic oil, and 9,12-octadecadienoic acid were the main constituents of male and female receptive figs, while hexadecanoic acid ethyl ester was the major compound of postparasitized and postpollinated figs. In dichloromethane extracts, linalool was the major constituent of male and female receptive figs, 1-hydroxylinalool was the major component of male postparasitized figs, and 1-hydroxylinalool and benzyl alcohol were the major constituents of female postpollinated figs. Bioassays with sticky traps showed that Ceratosolen solmsimarchal was attracted to dichloromethane extracts of male and female receptive figs and to petroleum ether extracts of female receptive figs, but was not attracted to dichloromethane and petroleum ether extracts of male postparasitized and female postpollinated figs. Figs were attractive to pollinating wasps only at the receptive stage. The volatile constituents of receptive figs were different from those of postpollinated or postparasitized figs. From a receptive to a postpollinated state, figs changed in their volatile composition. Some compounds disappeared or decreased in amount. These include linalool, linalool oxide, -terpeneol, and 2,6-dimethyl-1,7-octadiene-3,6-diol, which may act as the attractants of the wasps. Others increased in amount, or several additional chemicals appeared. These include dibutyl phthalate, 1-hydroxylinalool, and benzyl alcohol, which may be repellents of the wasps. That dichloromethane extracts of male and female receptive figs showed similar activities in attracting fig wasps indicates that receptive figs of both sexes are similarly attractive to fig wasps, which is further supported by their similar volatile composition. Leaf extract was not attractive to the wasps.     

产品设计理念创新及其风险管理对策分析

认为产品设计创新的核心是设计理念创新,并从发散型设计理念、逆向型设计理念、移植型设计理念以及外延型设计理念等4个方面对产品设计创新的内涵进行了探讨。分析了产品设计创新的风险,并提出从坚持4个结合、更新创新理念和树立风险意识3个方面来防范产品设计创新风险。     

电器待机功率损耗及其对策技术的研究

详细地阐述了电器待机功率的发展和定义；归纳、统计了一些国家和地区的待机功率消费状况及其经济与环境影响；分析、研究了政府机构、国际组织等在待机功率问题上所采取的法律政策、项目工程、倡议标准与对策；讨论与研究了电器待机功率限制技术。因竞争与发展的需要，遵循最低待机功率损耗和倡议标准是电器产品生产的必然趋势。     

钕对AZ91镁合金组织及机械性能的影响

采用微观分析、机械性能测试及断口分析等方法研究了钕对AZ91-Nd镁合金(w(Nd)=0,0.1%,0.3%,0.5%,1.0%,1.5%)的微观组织和机械性能的影响。结果表明:Nd以固溶和金属间化合物(A l11Nd3)的形式存在时具有细化晶粒、抑制二次β相析出、使不完全离异共晶转化为离异共晶的作用;Nd通过固溶强化、析出强化和细晶强化增加了合金强度和硬度,并改善了塑性;加入Nd后合金的断裂机制从脆性解理断裂转变为准解理断裂。     

雕塑的造型与雕塑家的艺术个性

雕塑艺术作品的产生是艺术家的智能与辛劳的结晶，反映出艺术家的内心感情世界，由于雕塑大师的个性和艺术道路的不同，使得他们的作品呈现出不同的风貌。当今，只有保持独立个性和挑战态度的艺术家，才能走出属于自己的艺术之路。     

磷渣基复合矿化剂对水泥熟料烧成的影响

研究了在水泥生料中掺入不同矿化剂对水泥生料的易烧性、硅酸盐水泥熟料矿物形成和岩相结构的影响：结果表明，与传统的萤石和磷渣矿化剂相比，磷渣与萤石复合的矿化剂可有效降低水泥熟料中游离氧化钙（f-CaO）的含量，改善生料的易烧性；在煅烧温度与时间增加的情况下，改善作用仍然明显；通过XRD、SEM与岩相结构分析表明，磷渣与萤石的复合矿化剂降低了液相的粘度，促进了A矿的生长，对矿物的结晶形态有改善作用，有利于晶体尺寸的生长发育。     

黄河水系悬浮物和沉积物重金属质量基准研究

利用已有的资料和国际上流行的相平衡分配法和生物效应数据库法，研究提出了黄河悬浮物和沉积物重金属质量基准的建议值。     

A new approach to two-machine flow shop problem with uncertain processing times

This paper deals with the problem of optimization of job sequence in a two-machine flow shop problem in the presence of uncertainty. It is assumed that the processing times of jobs on the machines are described by triangular fuzzy sets. A new optimization algorithm based on Johnson”s algorithm for deterministic processing times and on an improvement of McCahon and Lee”s algorithm is developed and presented. In order to compare fuzzy processing times, McCahon and Lee use mean values of their corresponding fuzzy sets. It is shown that this approach cannot fully explore possible relationships between fuzzy sets. In order to overcome this drawback we consider different fuzzy sets determined by λ-cuts of the fuzzy processing times. Extensive experiments show that the new algorithm gives better solutions with respect to makespan than existing McCahon and Lee's algorithm.     

Machinability of Metal Matrix Composites Reinforced by 3-D Network Structure

Metal matrix composites reinforced by three-dimensional (3-D) continuous network structure reinforcement (3DCNRMMC) are difficult to machine due to serious tool wear and poor surface roughness caused by the brittle and hard reinforcement which interpenetrate into ductile matrix. In order to achieve the approach of low cost of 3DCNRMMC, the machinability of it needs to be understood. The influences of three cutting parameters and volume fraction of reinforcement on cutting force were analyzed in detail. The results indicate that: (1) Due to the brittle phase(s) introduced into ductile matrix of composites, there is a large fluctuation of cutting force causing deterioration of machinability. The fluctuation ranges of cutting forces, initially increase rapidly with the increase of volume fraction of reinforcement and then decrease finally, are largest at the range of the volume fraction of 55–65%; (2) The influence of cutting parameters on cutting force is obvious. With the increases of cutting speed, cutting force decreases gradually unless cutting speed exceeds the value of 209 m/min. Cutting forces increase with increasing feed rate and depth of cut; (3) Owing to the large fluctuation of cutting force, there were some cratered surfaces caused by Si₃N₄ reinforcement pulling-out and flaking-off. Some brittle phase protruding from the machined surface caused the deterioration of machined surface.     

60000m^3／h空分设备快速变工况生产的操作探讨与实践

为降低60000m^3／h空分设备的氧气放散率，武钢氧气公司实施了空分设备的手动快速变工况生产。分析了空分设备运行工况不稳定和自动变工况系统难以实施的原因，介绍了手动快速变工况的理论依据、前期准备工作和实施过程，阐述了手动快速变工况实施进程中应注意的事项。