Effects of trait and state anxiety on the performance of elementary school children in traditional and individualized multiage classrooms.

Evaluated anxiety and performance on concrete and abstract criterion-referenced mathematics tests for 267 1st and 2nd graders assigned to either individualized multiage programs (IMP) or traditional learning environments (TRAD). The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (STAIC) was used to measure anxiety. Lower trait and state anxiety was associated with the IMP program, and anxiety-reducing effects were greater for 2nd graders. High A-Trait 1st graders performed more poorly than low A-Trait 1st graders. Although IMP 1st graders were lower in A-Trait than TRAD children, they did not differ in performance. For 2nd graders, the IMP environment facilitated the performance of high A-Trait children, but resulted in poorer performance for low A-Trait children. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Psychosomatic etiological factors in neoplasms: A response to Kellerman.

J. Kellerman (see record 1979-26395-001) argues that use of psychiatric patients in a study designed to search for psychosomatic etiological factors in neoplasms may have led to the present authors' negative results (see record 1978-03712-001). It is suggested, however, that the use of psychiatric patients increased the heterogeneity of the sample and probably enhanced, not limited, the likelihood of positive findings. It is also suggested that the inclusion of alcoholics in the study may have masked real differences between neoplasm and control Ss. However, new analyses run on subsets of the malignancy and malignancy-control samples from which alcoholics were first deleted failed to support his contention. New analyses run to test for differences between the frequencies of various high-scale MMPI types in neoplasm and control groups also failed to support the view that neoplasm patients are qualitatively different from controls on the inventory. (2 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Ethical knowledge exhibited by clients and nonclients.

Two studies were conducted to explore the relation between (a) experience in counseling and psychotherapy and (b) ethical knowledge. In Study 1, 77 college students reported their experience as clients in a variety of settings and then completed a questionnaire concerning their knowledge of ethical issues. The hypothesis that clients (subjects who had counseling experience) would demonstrate ethical knowledge superior to that of nonclients (those with no such experience) was not supported. Ethical knowledge did not differ as a function of counseling experience, the setting in which counseling was received, or the number of sessions. However, though overall ethical knowledge was high across groups, knowledge with respect to each ethical issue was incomplete. In Study 2, following the same procedure, we compared 17 current psychotherapy clients at a Veterans Administration medical center with 15 nonclients, patients in the hypertension clinic who had never received psychological services. These clients demonstrated superior ethical knowledge on specific issues (.008?ps?     

A case study of run-time errors in Pascal programs

The results of a case study in which over 100,000 Pascal program executions were monitored for run-time errors are reported. A large number of run-time errors in a wide variety of categories were observed. The data reported provided insight into the use and misuse of the features of Pascal by a large population of programmers. Some implications of these statistics on compiler implementation and programming language design are discussed. The number and variety of errors detected suggests that run-time checking mechanisms are more important and useful than is generally recognized, judging by the incompleteness of such mechanisms in many compilers.     

Homeless in the United States

The way public authorities presently define the homeless in the United States carries forward a complex historical legacy. The causal and moral assessments of the homeless, grounded in the work ethic of our capitalist society, have left behind four interpretations of the homeless as vagrant, deviant, sick or victim. Analysis of recent studies of the homeless, while uncovering the presence of all four definitions, found that most of the ‘new’ homeless are victims of the economy or sick.     

Extraversion, neuroticism, and motor learning.

"The Extraversion and Neuroticism scales of the Maudsley Personality Inventory were administered to 72 college students who were dichotomized on the basis of their scale scores. The inverted alphabet printing task was used to provide measures of motor learning performance. Analyses of variance of the motor learning scores showed that the women learned significantly faster than the men, but the main effects of Extraversion and Neuroticism were not significant." 17 refs. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Some effects of the addition of cobalt to the nickel hydroxide electrode

The action of cobalt upon the characteristics of the nickel hydroxide electrode has been investigated by constant current, linear potential sweep and EDAX methods. It was found that cobalt raises the oxygen overpotential and promotes greater utilization of the active material, although major additions of cobalt were observed to lower the working potential of the electrode. It was also found that cobalt prevented any significant loss of electrode capacity when the system was poisoned with iron.     

Manufacturing and controls submissions to IND's and NDA's for oral controlled release drug products

The regulatory responsibilities of the Food and Drug Administration, in regard to manufacturing and controls, for oral controlled release drug products are reviewed. The requirements for IND and NDA submissions are outlined, with emphasis on quality control and documentation. The importance of submitting adequate scientific and technical data on which a reviewing chemist can make a meaningful review is discussed. Submission of the data in a format that not only documents the scientific data but also presents it in a clear and cogent manner is discussed. The discussions will include manufacturing, packaging and stability documentation for both clinical supplies and the commercial product.     

Individual and structural solutions to resource dilemmas in two cultures.

Administered a resource management task to 86 US and 97 Dutch undergraduates. Ss were divided into groups of 6 and instructed to harvest points from a regenerating resource pool. Their objective was to maximize individual harvests while maintaining the resource pool. The factorial design crossed 3 levels of resource use (overuse, underuse, and optimal use) with 2 levels of variance of others' purported harvests (low and high). Both variables were manipulated through false feedback to Ss regarding the pool size and the other Ss' harvests. The primary dependent measures were Ss' individual harvests and whether Ss voted for or against elimination of free access to the resource in favor of electing a leader who would make harvest decisions for the group. Results indicate that harvest size increased over time only in the under- and optimal-use conditions. As predicted, overuse Ss voted to give up free access to the resource and to elect a leader more frequently than Ss in the other conditions. Differences between American and Dutch Ss were found only for the variance manipulation. (20 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)