Influence of double application technique on the bonding effectiveness of self‐etch adhesive systems

Aim: To evaluate and compare the effect of double‐application of single‐step self‐etch adhesives using microleakage study and to analyze the dentin–adhesive interfacial micromorphology. Methods: In total, 72 extracted human premolars were divided into three groups for different self‐etch adhesives (G Bond, GC [GB], Optibond, Kerr [OB], and Xeno V Plus, Dentsply [XV]). Class V cavities were prepared. Each group was further divided into two subgroups (n = 10) according to the placement technique of the adhesive, using the single‐application [subgroup (a)] or double‐application method [subgroup (b)]. Resin composite (Z 250, 3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN) was used to restore the cavities and light cured for 40 s. Twenty samples from each group were subjected to microleakage study. Two samples from both the subgroups of the three adhesives were used for scanning electron microscopic examination of the resin–dentin interfacial ultrastructure. Dye leakage scores were subjected to statistical analysis using Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney U‐tests at significance level of P < 0.05. Results: GB depicted significantly more microleakage which was significantly greater than OB and XV. The double application led to significant decrease in microleakage of GB with no significant effect on the microleakage scores of other two all‐in‐one adhesives, that is OB and XV. Conclusion: Double application of all‐in‐one self‐etch adhesives improves the marginal sealing ability in dentin although it appears to be product dependent. Microsc. Res. Tech. 78:489–494, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Chemical composition, in vitro anti-yeast activity and fruit juice preservation potential of lemon grass oil

The anti-yeast activity of lemon grass oil was evaluated against several food spoiling yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Zygosaccharomyces bailii, Aureobasidium pullulans, Candida diversa, Pichia fermentans, Pichia kluyveri, Pichia anomala and Hansenula polymorpha) through disc diffusion and microbroth dilution method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) varied from 0.28 to 1.3 mg/ml and 0.56 to 4.5 mg/ml, respectively, where highest MIC (2.25 mg/ml) was shown by A. pullulans and lowest MIC (0.28 mg/ml) was shown by C. diversa and P. anomala. Kill time assay was conducted for selected three yeast strains where S. cerevisiae showed highest reduction (3 log cfu) in viability within 24 h exposure of lemon grass oil at MFC level. Further, the anti-yeast efficacy of lemon grass oil alone and in combination with thermal treatment was evaluated in real food system i.e. mixed fruit juices. Chemical composition analysis of lemon grass oil by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) revealed that the dominant compounds were geranial (40.5%), neral (30.7%), geranyl acetate (5.1%), caryophyllene (2.5%). Present results established the superior performance of integrated (thermal–lemon grass oil) treatment over the individual exposure (lemon grass oil or thermal treatment alone) for fruit juice preservation.     

Preliminary evaluation of nutraceutical and therapeutic potential of raw Spondias pinnata K., an exotic fruit of India

The underutilized, edible green raw (whole) fruits of amra, Spondias pinnata K. (Anacardiaceae family) from the eastern region of India were investigated for their nutraceutical and therapeutic potential. A thorough nutritional characterization of this fruit demonstrated it as a source of energy (348 kcal/100 g DM), phenolic compounds, natural antioxidants and minerals. It is also a moderate source of ascorbic acid, malic acid, calcium, phosphorus and other nutrients. The phytochemical screening revealed 5.12 ± 0.32 mg 100 g^− 1 DM of alkaloids followed by saponins and tannins. All assays were carried out in three different solvent extracts of the fruit. Total phenolic, flavonoid and flavonol contents were obtained as 210 ± 1.89 mg GAE, 28.0 ± 0.91 mg CE and 9.97 ± 0.72 mg RE respectively in 100 mg mix solvent extract (MSE). Antioxidant activity of different extracts (as DPPH scavenging) ranged from 0.73 to 0.59 mg ml^− 1 as IC₅₀ value, ABTS with a trolox equivalent antioxidant concentration (TEAC) value as 0.68 to 0.83 and FRAP 5.97 to 7.93 mg TE 100 mg^− 1 extract. LC- MS/MS analysis revealed the presence of gallic acid, salicylic acid, chlorogenic acid, ellagic acid, p-coumaric acid, 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid, quercetin, catechin, myrecetin and rutin. The MSE showed the highest antimicrobial activity (against Listeria monocytogenes (MIC 1.8 mg ml^− 1)) and ??-amylase inhibition capacity (as IC₅₀: 29.3 mg ml^− 1 extract). GC/MS screening showed the presence of vitamin E, furfural, phytosterol, campesterol and fatty acids. Analysis of volatile flavor showed isopropyl myristinate as a major compound followed by the other monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. The current study explains the nutritional as well as medicinal utility of the fruit which is a rich source of minerals and antioxidants such as phenols and flavonoids.     

Laboratory Process Development and Physicochemical Characterization of a Low Amylose and Hydrothermally Treated Ready-to-Eat Rice Product Requiring No Cooking

A low amylose and hydrothermally treated ready-to-eat rice product that requires no cooking was prepared in the laboratory. Hot soaking for 1–3 min with subsequent variable steaming at open and under pressures remarkably altered the kernel and flour properties. Increase in water absorption and lowering of cooking time with extent of steaming were prominent. Soaking of the product at 50 °C for 20 min gave texture values more similar to cooked samples. The viscosity parameters of hot soaking alone were in between those of hot soaking with open steaming and pressure steaming. Pressure steamed samples exhibited almost constantly increasing slurry viscosity throughout the heating and cooling phases of the rapid viscosity analyzer profile. Steaming variably altered the native A-type X-ray diffraction pattern. Pressure steaming of samples with 3 min hot soaking caused complete loss of the A-type conformation with feeble peaks for B- and V-type patterns. The open steamed samples showed peaks for all A-, B-, and V-type patterns. No endotherms for amylose-lipid complexes were however found in the differential scanning calorimetry of the pressure steamed samples. The raw rice flour was highly resistant to α-amylolysis. In open steamed samples, steaming severity decreased the hydrolysis rate indicating formation of enzyme-resistant fractions, while pressure steamed samples showed higher digestibility with treatment severity.     

Investigation of graphene oxide-hydrogen interaction using in-situ X-ray diffraction studies

Hydrogen is one of the alternatives as clean fuel for our growing demands for energy. However, its storage for practical applications is a challenge due to low energy density. The interaction mechanism between the hydrogen gas and the host involved plays a vital role to explore its potential application as hydrogen storage material. So, in the present work, we have studied the interaction of Graphene oxide with hydrogen gas at different pressures varying from 70 mbar to 900 mbar at room temperature using reliable in-situ X-ray diffraction technique. XRD patterns showed that the hydrogen gas induced strain up to ～6.3% in GO films for 1% and 10% hydrogen atmosphere. The interaction mechanism was studied qualitatively using Raman spectroscopy and Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopy. Elastic recoil detection analysis (ERDA) technique was employed to determine the concentration of hydrogen in GO film which increased from ～1.7 × 10²² atoms/cc (for pristine GO) to ～ 9.5 × 10²² atoms/cc after exposing to 100% hydrogen environment at 900 mbar pressure.     

Effect on structure,stability, and H+ irradiation on Nd3+/Ru4+-loaded iron phosphate glass for nuclear applications

Nuclear energy generation technology is critically linked with the safe disposal of radioactive waste. In this context, iron phosphate glass (IPG) is gaining predominance as nuclear waste vitrification matrix that necessitates a thorough study on the effect of the loading of various nuclear fission waste materials in it. In this study, the effect of the loading of Nd³⁺ (which acts as a surrogate for radioactive curium (Cm)) and Ru⁴⁺ (which is a fission product of ²³⁵U) in IPG has been assessed. The optimum loading of Nd³⁺/Ru⁴⁺ leading to the formation of homogenous melt has been ascertained via powder X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy techniques. The modification in the Fe³⁺/Fe²⁺ ratio in IPG and the consequent change in its average coordination number with Nd³⁺/Ru⁴⁺ loading has been deduced from the Mössbauer studies. Local structure analysis has been done using X-ray absorption spectroscopy at Nd/Ru/Fe K-edge (as applicable) for all the single and co-loaded IPG samples. All the co-loaded samples show enhanced glass stability and glass forming ability compared to unloaded IPG which has been ascertained via detailed thermal studies. The variation in IPG network structure on the addition of Nd₂O₃ and RuO₂ has been ascertained through spectroscopic techniques like Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman. The base glass and a few representative homogenous single and co-loaded IPG samples have been irradiated with 4.5 MeV proton beam to simulate the hosting of radioactive elements and the radiation effect on glass structure has been ascertained using FTIR and Raman spectroscopies. The suitability of IPG as nuclear waste vitrification matrix for Nd³⁺ and Ru⁴⁺ is established through all the above analyses.     

A Simulation Study for Optimizing Grain Size in Poly-Crystalline Silicon Material Using Impedance Spectroscopy

Silicon - This paper uses impedance spectroscopy as a simulation tool to analyze grain boundaries properties in poly-crystalline materials. The interfacial structure at grain boundaries in...     

Kiln-fired clay bricks synergizing nickel–chromium plating sludge and fly ash: mechanical characteristics and cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment

Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy - Life cycle assessment (LCA) of novel fired clay bricks with synergistic co-valorization of nickel-chrome plating sludge (NCPS) and fly ash (FA) is...     

Recrystallization Kinetics,Precipitate Evolution and Grain Refinement of Nb Stabilized Ferritic Stainless Steel for Producing Thicker Plate/Strip Industrially

Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A - The study focuses on the processing of thick plate (≥ 12&nbsp;mm) and strip (3 to 4&nbsp;mm) where hot-rolling reduction is...