Development and simulation studies of an unsteady state biofilter model for the treatment of cyclic air emissions of an α‐pinene gas stream

This paper describes the development and simulation of an unsteady state biofilter model used to predict dynamic behaviour of cyclically‐operated biofilters and compares it with experimental results obtained from three, parallel, bench‐scale biofilters treating both periodically fluctuating concentrations and constant concentrations of an α‐pinene‐laden gas stream. The dynamic model, using kinetic parameters estimated from the constant concentration biofilter, was able to predict the performance of cyclic biofilters operating at short cycle periods (ie, in the order of minutes and hours). Steady state kinetic data from a constant concentration biofilter can be used to predict unsteady state biofilter operation. At a 24 h cycle period, the dynamic model compared well with experimental results. For long cycle periods (ie, hours and days), removal efficiency decreased after periods of non‐loading: the longer the period of non‐loading, the poorer the biofilter's performance at the re‐commencement of pollutant loading. At longer time scales the model did not effectively predict transient behaviour, as adsorption and changes in kinetic parameters were not accounted for. Modelling results showed that similar biofiltration performance for the cyclic and constant concentration biofiltration of α‐pinene is expected for biofilters operating solely in the first order kinetics regime. Poorer performance for cyclic biofilters following Monod kinetics spanning the entire kinetics range is expected as the cycle amplitude increases. The most important parameters affecting the performance of a cyclically‐operated biofilter with short cycle periods are: amplitude of cyclic fluctuations, C_{g, max}/C_g, relative value of the half‐saturation constant in the Monod expression, K_s, and effective diffusivity of α‐pinene in the biofilm, D_e. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry     

Ultrasound‐activated Knoevenagel condensation of malononitrile with carbonylic compounds catalysed by alkaline‐doped saponites

α,β‐Unsaturated nitriles have been synthesized by Knoevenagel condensation of a carbonylic compound with malononitrile, assisted by sonochemical irradiation. Two alkaline‐promoted clays (Li⁺‐ and Cs⁺‐exchanged saponites) have been employed as catalysts. The influence of the carbonylic compound (benzaldehyde or cyclohexanone) and the use of a solvent on the catalytic activity have been studied. Remarkable increase in the conversion values has been found when the reaction is activated by ultrasound, as compared with the thermal activation. In this green, solvent‐free procedure, α,β‐unsaturated nitriles have been produced in very high yields (97%) when the Cs⁺‐saponite is used as catalyst. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

Investigation of texture effect on visual colour difference evaluation

The texture effect on visual colour difference evaluation was investigated in this study. Five colour centers were selected and textured colour pairs were generated using scanned textile woven fabrics and colour‐mapping technique. The textured and solid colour pairs were then displayed on a characterized cathode ray tube (CRT) monitor for colour difference evaluation. The colour difference values for the pairs with texture patterns are equal to 5.0 CIELAB units in lightness direction. The texture level was represented by the half‐width of histogram, which is called texture strength in this study. High correlation was found between texture strength and visual colour difference for textured colour pairs, which indicates that an increasing of 10 units of texture strength in luminance would cause a decreasing of 0.25 units visual difference for the five colour centers. The ratio of visual difference between textured and solid colour pairs also indicates a high parametric effect of texture. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 30, 341–347, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.     

Nutrient removal performance of an anaerobic–anoxic–aerobic process as a function of influent C/P ratio

The laboratory scale anaerobic–anoxic–aerobic (A²O) process fed with synthetic brewage wastewater was designed to investigate the effects of changing feed C/P ratio on the performance of biological nutrient removal (BNR) processes. In the experiment, the influent chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration was kept at approximately 300 mg L^?1 while the total phosphorus concentration was varied to obtain the desired C/P ratio. Results showed that when the C/P ratio was lower than 32, phosphorus removal efficiency increased as C/P ratio increased linearly, while when the C/P ratio was higher than 32, the P removal efficiency was maintained at 90–98%, and effluent P concentration was lower than 0.5 mg L^?1. However, regardless of the C/P ratio, excellent COD removal (90% or higher) and good total nitrogen removal (75–84%) were maintained throughout the experiments. It was also found that very good linear correlation was obtained between COD uptake per unit P released in the anaerobic zone and C/P ratio. In addition, the P content in the wasted activated sludge increased with the decrease in the C/P ratio. Based on the results, it was recommended that the wastewater C/P ratio and its effects be incorporated into BNR design and operational procedures, appropriate C/P ratios were used to achieve the effluent treatment goals. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry     

海洋石油开发工业污染物产生系数和排放系数研究

污染物产生系数和排放系数是工程环境影响评价的重要指标,但对于海洋石油开发工程环境影响评价来说,迄今尚无具权威性的系数可资使用。在我国近海石油开发工程污染源系统调查的基础上,对海洋石油开发行业污染物产生系数和排放系数的定义、计算方法、应用范围及应用方式进行了探讨,研究结果可为海洋石油开发工程项目环境影响评价及环境保护管理,以及行业或企业有关标准的制定提供参考。     

压裂泵往复密封性能及机理研究

根据流体动压润滑理论，对压裂泵柱塞密封摩擦副的润滑机理进行了理论分析。在排出和吸入行程，柱塞密封摩擦副均能满足流体动压润滑的条件，即在柱塞与密封界面上能形成并保持一定厚度的油膜润滑密封，从而达到减小摩擦提高寿命的目的；建立了摩擦界面油膜厚度和泄漏量的计算公式。利用有限元法理论，对密封圈的压力沿轴向的分布规律、泄漏量与压力变化关系进行了模拟计算。对往复密封圈沿轴向压力分布、泄漏量随压力变化进行了测试；试验结果表明，建立的计算模型具有较高的计算精度，揭示了压裂泵的密封机理。     

Growth and optical property of zinc oxide thornballs

A new microstructure, thornball, of zinc oxide (ZnO) was synthesized by a very simple solid vapor deposition process under lead oxide (PbO) atmosphere. The microthornballs consist of numerous needles, which extend outwards in all directions symmetrically. They have dimensions of 120 μm in diameter, while the average diameter of the needles is about 100-200 nm. The needles on the balls grow along the 〈0 0 0 1〉 orientation and have gradient compositions along radial. Control experiments proved that PbO played an important role in the growth. Additionally, photoluminescence property was observed and provided the evidence that PbO did not deteriorate the optical properties of ZnO thornballs. This kind of microstructures has potential applications in the field of photochemical catalysis.     

高炉炉渣流动性的实验研究

以宝钢高炉渣中的四大组元(CaO,SiO2,Al2O3,MgO)为基础,实验研究MgO,Al2O3含量及碱度对炉渣的熔化性温度和流动性的影响.结果表明,炉渣中Al2O3含量控制在16%,配制适量的MgO(9%～10%),在1 500℃以上的高温区域,炉渣仍能保持正常的流动性,适合炉缸温度充沛的高炉使用;MgO含量由6%增加到10%时,较明显地降低了炉渣粘度,粘度的递减值约为0.07～0.15 Pa.s.     

纳米NiO粉体的制备及其表征

采用溶胶转化－凝胶法制备了纳米级NiO粉体。Ni(OH)2粉体的TG－DSC分析表明：在升温速率为10℃/min的条件下，粉体在489K时开始显著分解，626K时分解完毕。X－射线衍射分析表明：分解产物为纯净的NiO2。NiO粉体的化学成分分析表明：其纯度高于国家标准。TEM电镜分析表明：NiO粉体呈单分散的球形或棒状颗粒。对NiO粉体的热敏性能有待进一步研究。