Separation-free gas flows over a convex surface

NIGRI, Novokuznetsk. Translated from Fiziko-Tekhnicheskie Problemy Razrabotki Poleznykh Iskopaemykh, No. 1, pp. 73–79, January–February, 1989.     

Role of stresses and temperature in the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Z</Emphasis> ordering of carbon atoms in the martensite lattice

A numerical solution is given to the equation of the statistical Zener theory of the predominant ordering of carbon atoms in the z sublattice of octahedral interstices of martensite in carbon steels depending on the stress and temperature. It has been found that the external compressive stress applied along the axis of martensite tetragonality decreases the order parameter and that there is a critical value of the stress above which the degree of tetragonality of the lattice falls off jumpwise to zero. Based on the numerical analysis, a discussion of the dependences of the degree of ordering of carbon atoms and the critical stress on the temperature and carbon concentration has been performed.     

Power and Sizes of Tokamak Fusion Neutron Sources with NBI-Enhanced Reaction Rate

Steady state tokamak with deuterium–tritium plasma is considered as a basis for fusion neutron source for a hybrid fusion–fission reactor. Prototypes of such a system can be developed on the basis of the present day tokamaks as the plasma power gain factor Q ~ 1 is required for hybrid applications. Significant population of fast ions can be supported by a powerful neutral beam injection heating in regimes with Q ~ 1. The reaction rate for fast ions greatly exceeds the rate for thermal Maxwellian ions. The possible ranges of parameters are discussed for medium size tokamaks with minor plasma radius a = 0.5–1 m. Power and sizes of the neutron source are determined by the value of the injection energy. Power gain Q ≈ 1 can be achieved with injection energy of deuterium about 130 keV and tritium energy about 200 keV. Neutron power of 30–40 MW can be realized with a ≈ 1 m, and about of few megawatts with a ≈ 0.5 m.     

Working absorbed microwave standards based on standard coaxial wattmeters

Results of the development and of studies of working standards of UHF coaxial power for coaxial transmission lines in the range of frequencies to 40 GHz for all types of standardized connectors based on imported wattmeters are set forth. Results of experimental investigations of the instrument errors and errors in the dissemination of the unit for purposes of verification by means of comparisons with the initial feed-through and absorbed power wattmeters of national standard GET 26-94 are presented.