Multipurpose carbon fiber sensor design for analysis and monitoring of the resin transfer molding of polymer composites

The resin transfer molding (RTM) process is taking an ever‐growing place among the manufacturing technologies of polymer composite parts because of its numerous advantages. However, consistent production of high‐quality parts is difficult to achieve and requires better understanding of the process and good control of the raw materials. Part‐to‐part variations are inevitable as a result of uncarefully controlled molding environments and unidentifiable or undetected disturbances that cannot be completely eliminated or accounted for. Despite of many efforts to understand and model the fundamental physical and chemical behavior of materials during processing, there is no reliable system able of predicting the optimum processing parameters to manufacture high‐quality parts in a productive way. In this context, this work aims to develop systems allowing the monitoring of the whole RTM process (from preforming to resin curing) and that are reliable, cheap, and easy to use on production line. We have chosen to investigate the potential of the electric and dielectric carbon fiber sensors, which have already proved to be suitable for in service damage monitoring and preventive maintenance without any integration issues. However, the development of the continuous electric sensor has been limited by the polarization of the resin under the direct current. The flow front and the cure monitoring of the resin has been achieved with the dielectric sensor, energized by an alternative current preventing the polarization. Additionally, the ability of this carbon fiber sensor to evaluate the thickness of dry reinforcements and to measure online the actual unsaturated permeability of reinforcements has been demonstrated. POLYM. COMPOS., 26:717–730, 2005. © 2005 Society of Plastics Engineers     

PREDICTION OF SOLIDS CIRCULATION RATE IN THE RISER OF AN INTERNALLY CIRCULATING FLUIDIZED BED (ICFB)

A predictive mathematical model based on pressure drop in the riser of an Internally Circulating Fluidized Bed (ICFB) is developed to predict solids circulation rate (Gs). The values of G_s predicted using the model agree well with the experimental data. The model also predicts well G_s at higher operating temperatures in the riser of an ICFB.     

The First Catalytic Mannich‐Type Reaction of N‐Alkoxycarbonylamino Sulfones with Silyl Enolates

Bismuth triflate was found to be an efficient catalyst in the Mannich‐type reaction of silyl enolates with N‐alkoxycarbonylamino sulfones. The reaction proceeded smoothly with a low catalyst loading of bismuth triflate (0.5–1.0 mol %) to afford the corresponding protected β‐aminocarbonyl compound in very good yields (up to 96 %).     

Eosinophils as Drivers of Severe Eosinophilic Asthma: Endotypes or Plasticity?

Asthma is now recognized as a heterogeneous disease, encompassing different phenotypes driven by distinct pathophysiological mechanisms called endotypes. Common phenotypes of asthma, referred to as eosinophilic asthma, are characterized by the presence of eosinophilia. Eosinophils are usually considered invariant, terminally differentiated effector cells and have become a primary therapeutic target in severe eosinophilic asthma (SEA) and other eosinophil-associated diseases (EADs). Biological treatments that target eosinophils reveal an unexpectedly complex role of eosinophils in asthma, including in SEA, suggesting that “not all eosinophils are equal”. In this review, we address our current understanding of the role of eosinophils in asthma with regard to asthma phenotypes and endotypes. We further address the possibility that different SEA phenotypes may involve differences in eosinophil biology. We discuss how these differences could arise through eosinophil “endotyping”, viz. adaptations of eosinophil function imprinted during their development, or through tissue-induced plasticity, viz. local adaptations of eosinophil function through interaction with their lung tissue niches. In doing so, we also discuss opportunities, technical challenges, and open questions that, if addressed, might provide considerable benefits in guiding the choice of the most efficient precision therapies of SEA and, by extension, other EADs.     

Design of Ionic Phosphites for Catalytic Hydrocyanation Reaction of 3‐Pentenenitrile in Ionic Liquids†

The synthesis and characterization of a novel class of ionic phosphites bearing either a single cationic group obtained by quaternization of aminophosphites or three cationic groups prepared by reaction of phosphorus trichloride with imidazolium phenols are reported. The catalytic hydrocyanation reaction of 3‐pentenenitrile (3PN) into adiponitrile has been performed in the presence of Ni(0) with ionic phosphite ligands, and a Lewis acid in biphasic ionic liquid/organic solvent system. The screening of several original cationic phosphites was performed and the experimental conditions were optimized for the tri‐cationic phosphite tris‐4‐[(2,3‐dimethylimidazol‐1‐yl)methyl]phenyl phosphite tris[bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide]. It is possible to obtain performance similar to molecular systems and the catalyst and the Lewis acid were immobilized in the ionic phase.     

可变R-L-C元件的SPICE模拟行为建模

一些仿真器没有包含LRC元件的ABM方程,采用本文所述的简单子电路,可以根据复杂的分析表达式（包括逻辑表达式）创建无源元件,比如建立非线性电容、时变电阻等.     

BMAL1 Knockdown Leans Epithelial–Mesenchymal Balance toward Epithelial Properties and Decreases the Chemoresistance of Colon Carcinoma Cells

The circadian clock coordinates biological and physiological functions to day/night cycles. The perturbation of the circadian clock increases cancer risk and affects cancer progression. Here, we studied how BMAL1 knockdown (BMAL1-KD) by shRNA affects the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), a critical early event in the invasion and metastasis of colorectal carcinoma (CRC). In corresponding to a gene set enrichment analysis, which showed a significant enrichment of EMT and invasive signatures in BMAL1_high CRC patients as compared to BMAL1_low CRC patients, our results revealed that BMAL1 is implicated in keeping the epithelial–mesenchymal equilibrium of CRC cells and influences their capacity of adhesion, migration, invasion, and chemoresistance. Firstly, BMAL1-KD increased the expression of epithelial markers (E-cadherin, CK-20, and EpCAM) but decreased the expression of Twist and mesenchymal markers (N-cadherin and vimentin) in CRC cell lines. Finally, the molecular alterations after BMAL1-KD promoted mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition-like changes mostly appeared in two primary CRC cell lines (i.e., HCT116 and SW480) compared to the metastatic cell line SW620. As a consequence, migration/invasion and drug resistance capacities decreased in HCT116 and SW480 BMAL1-KD cells. Together, BMAL1-KD alerts the delicate equilibrium between epithelial and mesenchymal properties of CRC cell lines, which revealed the crucial role of BMAL1 in EMT-related CRC metastasis and chemoresistance.