Trink- und Gebrauchswasser

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Wind turbine performance under icing conditions

The wind energy market is in full growth in Quebec but technical difficulties due to cold climate conditions have occurred for most of the existing projects. Thus, icing simulations were carried out on a 0.2 m NACA 63 415 blade profile in the refrigerated wind tunnel of the Anti‐icing Materials International Laboratory (AMIL). The shapes and masses of the ice deposits were measured, as well as the lift and drag forces of the iced profiles. Scaling was carried out based on the 1.8 MW–Vestas V80 wind turbine technical data, for three different radial positions and two in‐fog icing conditions measured at the Murdochville wind farm in the Gaspé Peninsula. For both icing events, the mass of ice accumulated on the blade profile increased with an increase in the radial position. In wet regime testing (first icing event), glaze formed mostly near the leading edge and on the pressure side. It also accumulated by run‐off on the trailing edge of the outer half of the blade. In dry‐regime testing (second icing event), rime mostly accreted on the leading edge and formed horns. For both icing events, when glaze or rime accreted on the blade profile, lift decreased and drag increased. A load calculation using the blade element theory shows that drag force on the entire blade becomes too large compared to lift, leading to a negative torque and the stop of the wind turbine. Torque reduction is more significant on the outer third of the blade. Setting up a de‐icing system only on the outer part of the blade would enable significant decrease of heating energy costs. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Synthesis of linear aliphatic polycarbonate macroglycols using dimethylcarbonate

A series of linear aliphatic polycarbonate polyols were synthesized using dimethylcarbonate and a linear alkane diol or specific combinations of linear alkane diols. Polyol synthesis was carried out in a two‐stage process using dimethylcarbonate and a linear alkane diol to prepare a series of homopolymer polycarbonate polyols. Polyol grades were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography, and differential scanning calorimetery techniques. Suitable reaction conditions were developed to yield polycarbonate polyols of number average molecular weight between 700 and 1700. The crystallinity of the polycarbonate polyols was shown to reduce as the molecular weight of the alkane diols used in the polycarbonate synthesis was increased. These polymers offer the potential for use in the synthesis of ether free polyurethane elastomers for biomedical applications. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009     

Behavior of RC columns strengthened with different CFRP systems under eccentric loading

The present study investigates the performance of eccentrically loaded columns externally strengthened with different carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) systems. The 10 specimens were representative-scale square columns made of normal-strength concrete with substandard (internal) reinforcement details that were designed to represent old building structural columns. Eight columns were upgraded by four types of commercially available systems of external reinforcement, using plates, unidirectional or bi-directional composite fabrics. It was considered necessary to get information on a wide spectrum of carbon fiber-reinforcement systems in order to provide a satisfactory set of experimental data for validating future suitable retrofitting design methods. Experimental results presented in this paper show that a significant improvement of the strength capacity, deformation capacity and ductility of columns can result of the CFRP application, but the observed gains strongly depend on the reinforcement systems.     

Butter, Speisefette und ?le

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Browning in processed yams: peroxidase or polyphenol oxidase?

Polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase were purified from white yam (Dioscorea rotundata) using DEAE‐cellulose ionexchange chromatography. Thermoinactivation curves for polyphenol oxidase showed monophasic kinetics, while those for peroxidase were biphasic. Urea partially stabilised peroxidase against irreversible thermoinactivation, but did not do so in the case of polyphenol oxidase. Only peroxidase was capable of regenerating activity after thermoinactivation. The results showed that thermoinactivation of peroxidase was mainly due to conformational changes, while that of polyphenol oxidase was probably due to covalent damage. Peroxidase reactivation might play an important role in the browning of processed yam. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry