Regulation of Autophagy Machinery in Magnaporthe oryzae

Plant diseases cause substantial loss to crops all over the world, reducing the quality and quantity of agricultural goods significantly. One of the world’s most damaging plant diseases, rice blast poses a substantial threat to global food security. Magnaporthe oryzae causes rice blast disease, which challenges world food security by causing substantial damage in rice production annually. Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved breakdown and recycling system in eukaryotes that regulate homeostasis, stress adaption, and programmed cell death. Recently, new studies found that the autophagy process plays a vital role in the pathogenicity of M. oryzae and the regulation mechanisms are gradually clarified. Here we present a brief summary of the recent advances, concentrating on the new findings of autophagy regulation mechanisms and summarize some autophagy-related techniques in rice blast fungus. This review will help readers to better understand the relationship between autophagy and the virulence of plant pathogenic fungi.     

Crosstalk between Growth and Osmoregulation of GHRH-SST-GH-IGF Axis in Triploid Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Smolting is an important development stage of salmonid, and an energy trade-off occurs between osmotic regulation and growth during smolting in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Growth hormone releasing hormone, somatostatin, growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor (GHRH-SST-GH-IGF) axis exhibit pleiotropic effects in regulating growth and osmotic adaptation. Due to salmonid specific genome duplication, increased paralogs are identified in the ghrh-sst-gh-igf axis, however, their physiology in modulating osmoregulation has yet to be investigated. In this study, seven sst genes (sst1a, sst1b, sst2, sst3a, sst3b, sst5, sst6) were identified in trout. We further investigated the ghrh-sst-gh-igf axis of diploid and triploid trout in response to seawater challenge. Kidney sst (sst1b, sst2, sst5) and sstr (sstr1b1, sstr5a, sstr5b) expressions were changed (more than 2-fold increase (except for sstr5a with 1.99-fold increase) or less than 0.5-fold decrease) due to osmoregulation, suggesting a pleiotropic physiology of SSTs in modulating growth and smoltification. Triploid trout showed significantly down-regulated brain sstr1b1 and igfbp2a1 (p < 0.05), while diploid trout showed up-regulated brain igfbp1a1 (~2.61-fold, p = 0.057) and igfbp2a subtypes (~1.38-fold, p < 0.05), suggesting triploid trout exhibited a better acclimation to the seawater environment. The triploid trout showed up-regulated kidney igfbp5a subtypes (~6.62 and 7.25-fold, p = 0.099 and 0.078) and significantly down-regulated igfbp5b2 (~0.37-fold, p < 0.05), showing a conserved physiology of teleost IGFBP5a in regulating osmoregulation. The IGFBP6 subtypes are involved in energy and nutritional regulation. Distinctive igfbp6 subtypes patterns (p < 0.05) potentially indicated trout triggered energy redistribution in brain and kidney during osmoregulatory regulation. In conclusion, we showed that the GHRH-SST-GH-IGF axis exhibited pleiotropic effects in regulating growth and osmoregulatory regulation during trout smolting, which might provide new insights into seawater aquaculture of salmonid species.     

用不对称醚作调节剂合成苯乙烯-异戊二烯-丁二烯橡胶的反应动力学

以苯乙烯(St)、异戊二烯(Ip)和丁二烯(Bd)为单体,正丁基锂(n-BuLi)为引发荆,乙基乙二醇叔丁基醚(BET)为结构调节剂,合成了线型无规结构的苯乙烯-异戊二烯-丁二烯橡胶(SIBR),进行了聚合反应动力学研究,并与以四氢呋喃(THF)为结构调节剂的体系进行了比较.结果表明,BET的加入提高了聚合反应速率;随反应温度的升高和BET/n-BuLi(摩尔比)的增大,聚合反应速率加快,尤其是St的反应速率提高显著;BET调节聚合速率的能力明显高于THF.     

轮毂轴承橡胶密封圈硫化模具的设计

针对轮毂轴承橡胶密封圈加工过程中出现的工艺问题,从模具结构上进行改进性的尝试,保证了产品的质量要求。     

东西方文学审美的契合——从"冰山理论"与"言意观"谈起

海明威独创的冰山理论,是现代西方最具影响的文学理论之一,它开创了一种语言简洁而内蕴丰富的全新创作观,对同时代以及现今的文学创作产生了深远的影响.与此对应的是,中国古代"言意观"正视"言不尽意"的事实,追求"意在言外"的创作目的,主张以有限的言说传递无限生动、丰富的审美空间."冰山理论"与中国的"言意观"作为中西方诗学的代表性理论,在语言观、审美追求等方面的融通之处使得对两者的比较研究具有深远而广泛的实践意义.     

Rapid and Sensitive Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry for Quantification of Glycyrrhetic Acid in Human Plasma

A simple, rapid and sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(LC-MS/MS) for the determination of glycyrrhetic acid in human plasma with ginsenoside Rh2 as internal standard was developed and validated. The plasma samples were prepared via liquid-liquid extraction with ethyl acetate. Chromatographic separation was accomplished on a Venusil MP-C18(50 mm×2.1 mm, 5μm i.d.) column at 25℃. The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile/5 mmol·L-1 ammonium acetate(10:90, volume ratio) at a flow rate of 0.4 mL/min. Negative electrospray ionization was utilized as the ionization source. Glycyrrhetic acid and internal standard were determined via the mutiple reaction monitoring of precursor→production ion transitions at m/z 469→425, 409 and m/z 621→161,respectively. Each sample was chromatographed within 2.5 min. The lower limit of uantification was 0.50 ng/mL for 200 μL of plasma sample and the linear range was from 0.50 ng/mL to 800 ng/mL. The intra-and inter-day precisions were less than 8.76% in terms of relative standard deviation(RSD), and the accuracy was within a range of -3.25%-1.32% in terms of relative error(RE). The method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic studies of glycyrrhetic acid in healthy male Chinese volunteers after a single oral administration of 75 mg of glycyrrhizin.     

基于价值链的奶粉供应链系统描述与存在问题分析

近年来乳品行业竞争升级,企业竞争更是紧迫,乳制品市场所承受的压力越来越大.如何优化乳制品供应链,降低乳制品的成本就成为迫切需要解决的问题.本文在对某乳业集团的奶粉供应链进行调研的基础上,利用价值增值的分析方法找出对供应链成本影响较大的、没有附加价值的活动,并进一步提出整合优化这些活动的措施,达到降低整个供应链成本的目的.     

Radiation synthesis of PVP/CMC hydrogels as wound dressing

Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) were blended to synthesize hydrogels by ⁶⁰Co γ-ray irradiation. A series of hydrogels were prepared with three compositions, i.e. PVP:CMC = 5:5, 6:4 and 7:3. The properties of the hydrogels such as gel fraction, gel strength, swelling behavior and moisture retention were investigated. Compared with pure PVP and CMC hydrogels, PVP/CMC blend hydrogels possessed improved gel strength, flexibility and transparency. As the content of PVP in PVP/CMC blend hydrogels increased, the gel fraction increased while the swelling rate decreased. The hydrogels with optimal properties were obtained in a composition of PVP/CMC = 6/4 with sterilization dose (25 kGy) and further characterized by FT-IR and SEM. Properties concerning the application of wound dressing were performed by comparison with a commercial hydrogel wound dressing to find a similar moisture retention capability and improved swelling rate. The improved properties as well as the cheapness of the materials suggest that PVP/CMC blend hydrogel can be good candidate as wound dressing.     

MHWRR连续辐照生产裂变钼技术研究

为适应当前全球对放射性诊断核素99m Tc需求量不断增长的需要,阿尔及利亚比林核研究中心对多用途重水反应堆(Multi-purposes Heavy Water Research Reactor,MHWRR)实施升级改造,提出建立不停堆连续辐照生产裂变钼的能力需求。在对裂变钼靶件堆内辐照堆芯物理计算分析、热工水力计算分析、靶件出堆过程热工计算分析以及裂变99Mo产额计算等分析研究的基础上,结合反应堆设施原有限制条件,创新地提出了采用短时间临时停堆方式的技术方案,既能实现阿方产量目标,又能满足辐照安全要求。方案得到了阿方认可,工程实施后的初步调试结果表明:理论计算值与实验值符合较好,在无参考可借鉴实例的情况下,提出的辐照技术方案和工艺流程是合理可行的。