Injections of D-amphetamine into the ventral pallidum increase locomotor activity and responding for conditioned reward: a comparison with injections into the nucleus accumbens

The nucleus accumbens and ventral pallidum receive dopamine (DA) projections from the mesencephalon. Although DA inputs to the nucleus accumbens are implicated in both locomotion and reward processes, little is known of the behavioural significance of DA in the ventral pallidum. These studies examined the effects of D-amphetamine injected into the nucleus accumbens or ventral pallidum on locomotor activity and responding for a conditioned reward (CR). In the nucleus accumbens D-amphetamine dose dependently (1, 3 and 10 microg) increased locomotion within 5-10 min of injection. Intra-ventral pallidum microinjections of D-amphetamine also increased activity in this dose range, but the effect occurred with a longer latency (5-20 min). The magnitude of the response evoked by ventral pallidum injections was lower than that evoked by nucleus accumbens injections. The GABAA antagonist picrotoxin (0.1 microg) stimulated activity when injected into the ventral pallidum but not the nucleus accumbens, providing a pharmacological dissociation between the two injection sites. In the CR studies, D-amphetamine injected into both sites potentiated responding for a CR previously paired with food delivery, without altering responding on an inactive lever. Picrotoxin injected into the ventral pallidum reduced responding and abolished the selectivity of responding for CR. The results show that DA release in the ventral pallidum enhances locomotion and responding for a CR, providing evidence that DA in the ventral pallidum plays a significant role in the mediation of the effects of D-amphetamine. The failure of picrotoxin to elevate responding for CR despite increasing locomotor activity indicates that pharmacologically-induced blockade of GABAA receptors in the ventral pallidum disrupts goal-directed responding.     

Recognition and management of catheter-induced pulmonary artery rupture

The use of PCR to amplify a specific virA gene fragment serves as a highly specific and sensitive method to detect virulent bacteria of the genus Shigella and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli. Amplification of a 215-bp DNA band was obtained by using isolated genomic DNA of Shigella, individual cells of Shigella dysenteriae, and mayonnaise contaminated with S. dysenteriae. Moreover, a multiplex PCR with specific (virA) and bacterium-restricted (16S ribosomal DNA) primers generated an amplification product of approximately 755 bp for all bacteria tested and an additional 215-bp product for Shigella and enteroinvasive E. coli.     

Caring for dying children: nurses' experiences

Interviews with 25 nurses in this grounded theory study show that when nurses recognized that a child's death was inevitable, they struggled with both grief distress and moral distress. Their distress occurred within the context of the nurse-patient relationship. Nurses employed a range of strategies to manage their distress. Several conditions facilitated or constrained nurses' strategies, and resulted in far-reaching implications both professionally and personally.     

U.K. Prospective Diabetes Study. XV: Relationship of renin-angiotensin system gene polymorphisms with microalbuminuria in NIDDM

We performed a case-control study to determine whether molecular variants of genes of the renin-angiotensin system were associated with the presence of albuminuria in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). A total of 180 diabetic patients with persistent microalbuminuria [median urinary albumin (interquartile range) of 74 (54 to 126 mg/liter)] were matched with two control groups of diabetic patients without microalbuminuria [median urinary albumin 7 (5 to 10) mg/liter] for variables known to be associated with raised urinary albumin concentration including hemoglobin A1c and triglyceride. One control group was also matched for blood pressure and the other group was not, to allow assessment of interactions with hypertension. Association with the I/D polymorphism of the ACE gene and M235T variant of the angiotensinogen gene (AGT) with microalbuminuria and retinopathy was examined. There were no significant differences in genotype frequency between cases and controls for ACE or AGT irrespective of blood pressure matching. However, among subjects with microalbuminuria, those with the ACE DD genotype had a significantly greater urinary albumin excretion than individuals with a non-DD genotype [median 88 (68 to 170) mg/liter vs. 67 (53 to 113) mg/liter, P < 0.001]. More subjects with the DD than non-DD genotype had persistent albuminuria > 100 mg/liter, twice the upper normal range (60% vs. 38%, P = 0.006). When increased albumin excretion occurs, the presence of the ACE DD genotype appears to be associated with higher urinary albumin levels. No association with retinopathy was observed.     

An analysis of program and family costs of case managed care for technology-dependent infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia

Influenza caused low levels of mortality and morbidity in England and Wales in the 1997/98 season. Influenza viruses of the H3N2 and H1N1 subtypes were isolated in small numbers from community and hospital patients in November and December. Their numbers subsequently increased to peak in February, H1N1 a week or two before H3N2. Most of the H1N1 isolates were similar to the A/Bayern/7/95-like virus, included in the vaccine recommended for 1997-98, whereas most H3N2 isolates were A/Sydney/5/97-like, a virus not covered by the season's vaccine but recommended for 1998/99. Consultation rates in general practice for influenza-like illnesses remained low until early February, when a small increase coincided with the increase in laboratory confirmed influenza. Fewer deaths directly attributed to influenza were registered during the surveillance period than in recent years. Localised outbreaks occurred in schools and nursing homes towards the end of the winter.     

A new class of tobacco chitinases homologous to bacterial exo-chitinases displays antifungal activity

A novel chitinase gene of tobacco was isolated and characterized by DNA sequence analysis of a genomic clone and a cDNA clone. Comparative sequence analysis of both clones showed an identity of 94%. The proteins encoded by these sequences do not correspond to any of the previously characterized plant chitinases of classes I-IV and are designated as class V chitinases. Comparison of the chitinase class V peptide sequence with sequences in the Swiss Protein databank revealed significant sequence similarity with bacterial exo-chitinases from Bacillus circulans, Serratia marcescens and Streptomyces plicatus. It was demonstrated that class V chitinase gene expression is induced after treatment of tobacco with different forms of stress, like TMV-infection, ethylene treatment, wounding or ultraviolet irradiation. Two related chitinase class V proteins of 41 and 43 kDa were purified from Samsun NN tobacco leaves inoculated with tobacco mosaic virus. The proteins were purified by Chelating Superose chromatography and gel filtration. In vitro assays demonstrated that class V chitinases have endo-chitinase activity and exhibit antifungal activity toward Trichoderma viride and Alternaria radicina. In addition, it was shown that class V chitinase acts synergistically with tobacco class I beta-1,3-glucanase against Fusarium solani germlings.     

A preliminary study of parental stress and child behaviour in families with twins conceived by in-vitro fertilization

This paper reports on a preliminary study of parenting quality, parental stress and child behaviour in families with twins conceived by in-vitro fertilization (IVF) in comparison with families with naturally conceived twins. No differences were found between the types of family in parenting quality or child behaviour. However, parents whose children were conceived by IVF reported greater stress associated with parenting than parents with naturally conceived twins.     

NMDA receptors mediate peripheral chemoreceptor afferent input in the conscious rat

N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptors mediate critical components of cardiorespiratory control in anesthetized animals. The role of NMDA receptors in the ventilatory responses to peripheral and central chemoreceptor stimulation was investigated in conscious, freely behaving rats. Minute ventilation (VE) responses to 10% O2, 5% CO2, and increasing intravenous doses of sodium cyanide were measured in intact rats before and after intravenous administration of the NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 (3 mg/kg). After MK-801, eupcapnic tidal volume (VT) decreased while frequency increased, resulting in a modest reduction in VE. Inspiratory time (TI) decreased, whereas expiratory time remained unchanged. The VE responses to hypercapnia were qualitatively similar in control and MK-801 conditions, with slight reductions in respiratory drive (VT/TI) after MK-801. In contrast, responses to hypoxia were markedly attenuated after MK-801 and were primarily due to reduced frequency changes, whereas VT was unaffected. Sodium cyanide doses associated with significant VE increases were 5 and 50 microg/kg before and after MK-801, respectively. Thus 1-log shift to the right of individual dose-response curves occurred with MK-801. Selective carotid body denervation reduced VE during hypoxia by 70%, and residual hypoxic ventilatory responses were abolished after MK-801. These findings suggest that, in conscious rats, carotid and other peripheral chemoreceptor-mediated hypoxic ventilatory responses are critically dependent on NMDA receptor activation and that NMDA receptor mechanisms are only modestly involved during hypercapnia.     

Calculated hardenability for improved consistency of properties in heat treatable engineering steels

Hardenability is one of the most important parameters controlling the heat treated properties of engineering steels. It affects the consistency of response for microstructure, hardness, strength, toughness, and dimensional change (distortion). This study illustrates that a major benefit of controlling hardenability is improving the consistency of dimensional distortion resulting from heat treatment. To facilitate the supply of steels to hardenability limits, especially restricted hardenability, a new technique was developed for the prediction of Jominy hardenability from chemical composition. The technique, termed the “Database Method,” uses measured Jominy hardenability and chemical composition data, contained in a database, to calculate the hardenability for a query composition. Using up to ten known steels, selected from the database with compositions closely matching that of the query steel, a small adjustment is made to the measured hardenability of each known steel allowing for the small difference in composition between the query and chosen steel. The final calculated result for the query steel is taken as the average of the various estimates. The basis of the Database Method is explained, and the advantages are illustrated for selecting engineering grades.     

Influence of alginite on the reflectance of vitrinite from Joadja,NSW, and some other coals and oil shales containing alginite

Reflectance data for vitrinite occurring in torbanites indicate that the mean maximum reflectance and the range of reflectance values are significantly lowered by the presence of alginite. This is the probable cause of apparently anomalous rank gradients in some deep oil exploration wells. Intermaceral effects need to be considered in assessing rank or maturity from vitrinite reflectance, and by inference, in most other methods. The interpretation of the cause of the effect is open to further study but the findings are highly significant in relation to coal utilization, oil and gas exploration, and studies of oil shales.