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51.
We undertook the following study to quantitatively assess the changes in porcine bioprosthetic heart valve (PBHV) fiber architecture to increasing levels of fatigue damage using an in vitro accelerated test model. PBHVs were subjected to 0-500 million test cycles at 16 Hz, and small-angle light scattering (SALS) was used to quantify the gross fiber structure of the cusps. The degree of gross fiber alignment remained essentially constant from 0 to 500 million cycles over the entire cusp. Increasing fiber orientation randomness, indicative of local damage, was observed only in the vicinity of the nodulus of Arantii after 50 million cycles. The SALS data from the damaged regions suggested shearing between fiber layers, which may be part of the failure process and accelerates valve failure. Histological analysis revealed a relatively intact gross fiber structure with the collagen fiber crimp remaining, although delamination and de-registration of the crimp was also observed. Accelerated tested PBHVs also demonstrated a pronounced 'sagging', which began at the earliest cycle number tested (1.4 million cycles) and whose rate decreased logarithmically with cycle number. Results of this study suggest that PBHV cusps can alter their shape without any visually apparent material yielding or fiber failure under continual cyclic loading. Further, while most of the 4 mmHg pressure fixed PBHV's gross fiber architecture remains unchanged after 500 million cycles of accelerated testing, localized accumulated fiber damage can occur on a sub-visual structural level as early as 50 million cycles. 相似文献
52.
A Nighorn NJ Gibson DM Rivers JG Hildebrand DB Morton 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1998,18(18):7244-7255
The nitric oxide (NO)-cGMP signaling system is thought to play important roles in the function of the olfactory system in both vertebrates and invertebrates. One way of studying the role of NO in the nervous system is to study the distribution and properties of NO synthase (NOS), as well as the soluble guanylyl cyclases (sGCs), which are the best characterized targets of NO. We study NOS and sGC in the relatively simple and well characterized insect olfactory system of the hawkmoth, Manduca sexta. We have cloned Manduca sexta nitric oxide synthase (MsNOS) and two sGCs (MsGCalpha1 and MsGCbeta1), characterized their basic biochemical properties, and studied their expression in the olfactory system. The sequences of the Manduca genes are highly similar to their mammalian homologs and show similar biochemical properties when expressed in COS-7 cells. In particular, we find that MsGC functions as an obligate heterodimer that is stimulated significantly by NO. We also find that MsNOS has a Ca2+-sensitive NO-producing activity similar to that of mammalian neuronal NOS. Northern and in situ hybridization analyses show that MsNOS and the MsGCs are expressed in a complementary pattern, with MsNOS expressed at high levels in the antennae and the MsGCs expressed at high levels in a subset of antennal lobe neurons. The expression patterns of these genes suggest that the NO-sGC signaling system may play a role in mediating communication between olfactory receptor neurons and projection neurons in the glomeruli of the antennal lobe. 相似文献
53.
MS McNeill DB Griffin TR Dockerty JP Walter HK Johnson JW Savell 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1998,76(6):1613-1620
Twenty-nine selected styles of subprimals or sections of veal were obtained from a commercial facility to assist in the development of a support program for retailers. They were fabricated into bone-in or boneless retail cuts and associated components by trained meat cutters. Each style selected (n = 6) was used to generate mean retail yields and labor requirements, which were calculated from wholesale and retail weights and processing times. Means and standard errors for veal ribs consisting of five different styles (n = 30) concluded that style #2, 7-rib 4 (10 cm) x 4 (10 cm), had the lowest percentage of total retail yield (P < .05) owing to the greatest percentage of bone. Furthermore, rib style #2 required the longest total processing time (P < .05). Rib styles #3, 7-rib chop-ready, and #5, 6-rib chop ready, yielded the greatest percentage of total retail yield and also had the shortest total processing time (P < .05). Within veal loins, style #2, 4 (10 cm) x 4 (10 cm) loin kidney fat in, had the greatest percentage fat (P < .05). Loin styles #2 and #3, 4 (10 cm) x 4 (10 cm) loin special trimmed, generated more lean and fat trimmings and bone, resulting in lower percentage of total retail yields than loin style #1, 0 (0 cm) x 1 (2.5 cm) loin special trimmed (P < .05). Results indicated that bone-in subprimals and sections required more processing time if fabricated into a boneless end point. In addition, as the number of different retail cuts increased, processing times also increased. 相似文献
54.
TH Kim WC Bowen DB Stolz D Runge WM Mars GK Michalopoulos 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1998,244(1):93-104
The present study has examined the distribution of axons of differing sizes in the optic pathway of the ground squirrel. Axon diameters were measured from electron micrographs at various locations across sections of the optic nerve and tract, and total distributions and numbers were estimated. In both the nerve and tract, roughly 1.2 million optic axons were present. The population of optic axons had a unimodal size distribution, peaking at 0.9 microm in diameter and having an extended tail toward larger diameters. Local axon diameter distributions in the optic tract indicated distinct (though partially overlapping) axon diameter classes, including one of fine sizes peaking at 0.8-0.9 microm, a second of medium sizes peaking around 1.7-1.8 microm, and a third composed of the larger fibers with diameters up to 4.8 microm. The fine-caliber axons were found at all locations in the tract, and were the only axons present immediately adjacent to the pia, while the medium- and coarse-caliber axons were found at deeper locations. Curiously, the larger axons were found primarily in the medial parts of the tract, where axons from the dorsal retina normally course. A similarly restricted distribution of the larger axons was observed in the dorsotemporal parts of the optic nerve, suggesting that this difference in the tract may relate to an asymmetric distribution of ganglion cells on the retina giving rise to these axons. Measurements of axonal size taken within the optic fiber layer in dorsal and ventral parts of the retina confirmed this asymmetry, consistent with previous demonstrations of soma size differences in the dorsal versus ventral retina. The partial segregation of axons by size in the optic tract of the ground squirrel then reflects both the asymmetric distribution of retinal ganglion cell classes and the chronotopic reordering of optic axons that occurs within the chiasmatic region. 相似文献
55.
Coalition formation is a central problem in multiagent systems research, but most models assume common knowledge of agent
types. In practice, however, agents are often unsure of the types or capabilities of their potential partners, but gain information about these capabilities through repeated interaction. In this paper, we
propose a novel Bayesian, model-based reinforcement learning framework for this problem, assuming that coalitions are formed
(and tasks undertaken) repeatedly. Our model allows agents to refine their beliefs about the types of others as they interact
within a coalition. The model also allows agents to make explicit tradeoffs between exploration (forming “new” coalitions
to learn more about the types of new potential partners) and exploitation (relying on partners about which more is known),
using value of information to define optimal exploration policies. Our framework effectively integrates decision making during
repeated coalition formation under type uncertainty with Bayesian reinforcement learning techniques. Specifically, we present
several learning algorithms to approximate the optimal Bayesian solution to the repeated coalition formation and type-learning
problem, providing tractable means to ensure good sequential performance. We evaluate our algorithms in a variety of settings,
showing that one method in particular exhibits consistently good performance in practice. We also demonstrate the ability
of our model to facilitate knowledge transfer across different dynamic tasks. 相似文献
56.
Healthcare delivery is evolving from disease-centered to patient-centered care delivery where patients are active participants
in their healthcare delivery. This calls for more communication and collaboration among all healthcare actors. There is also
an increasing demand for personalized healthcare systems that provide effective information management, facilitate communication
and collaboration, and support applications to meet user requirements. To address these challenges, we need to advance the
integration and interoperability of healthcare applications in a controlled manner. Drawing upon a conceptual model from a
collaborative care case study, we identified a set of interoperability requirements and developed a Mashup based interoperability
framework. Our framework allows patients and other healthcare actors to engage in collaborative processes through online applications
facilitated by mashups. We then use proof-of-concept implementations to demonstrate how our framework is able to facilitate
different types of interoperability. We believe that collaborative technologies such as mashups can implement process interoperability
requirements to support collaborative care delivery, particularly for asynchronous care delivery. 相似文献
57.
58.
John J. Guardiola Josiah E. Hardesty Juliane I. Beier Russell A. Prough Craig J. McClain Matthew C. Cave 《International journal of molecular sciences》2021,22(10)
Background: High-level occupational vinyl chloride (VC) exposures have been associated with hepatic hemangiosarcoma, which typically develops following a long latency period. Although VC is genotoxic, a more comprehensive mode of action has not been determined and diagnostic biomarkers have not been established. The purpose of this study is to address these knowledge gaps through plasma metabolomics. Methods: Plasma samples from polyvinyl chloride polymerization workers who developed hemangiosarcoma (cases, n = 15) and VC exposure-matched controls (n = 17) underwent metabolomic analysis. Random forest and bioinformatic analyses were performed. Results: Cases and controls had similar demographics and routine liver biochemistries. Mass spectroscopy identified 606 known metabolites. Random forest analysis had an 82% predictive accuracy for group classification. 60 metabolites were significantly increased and 44 were decreased vs. controls. Taurocholate, bradykinin and fibrin degradation product 2 were up-regulated by greater than 80-fold. The naturally occurring anti-angiogenic phenol, 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol, was down-regulated 5-fold. Top affected ontologies involved: (i) metabolism of bile acids, taurine, cholesterol, fatty acids and amino acids; (ii) inflammation and oxidative stress; and (iii) nicotinic cholinergic signaling. Conclusions: The plasma metabolome was differentially regulated in polyvinyl chloride workers who developed hepatic hemangiosarcoma. Ontologies potentially involved in hemangiosarcoma pathogenesis and candidate biomarkers were identified. 相似文献
59.
Byrdwell WC 《Lipids》2001,36(4):327-346
Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) mass spectrometry (MS) has proven to be a very valuable technique for analysis
of lipids from a variety of classes. This instrumental method readily produces useful ions with gentle fragmentation from
large neutral molecules such as triacylglycerols and carotenoids, which are often difficult to analyze using other techniques.
Molecules that are easily ionized, such as phospholipids, produce molecular ions and diagnostically useful fragment ions that
are complementary to those produced by methods such as electrospray ionization MS with collision-induced dissociation. The
simplicity and versatility of APCI-MS make it an ideal tool for use in solving hitherto very difficult analytical problems. 相似文献
60.