Introduction of microdoses of germanium and indium dopants into the bulk and surface layers of semiconductor materials

A technique is proposed for introducing microdoses (10^?5–10^?10 g) of germanium and indium metals into semiconductor compounds by coulometric titration in a solid electrolyte cell. The solid electrolytes that are reversible with respect to germanium cations (the GeSe-GeI₂ system containing 5 mol % GeI₂) and indium cations (the InCl₃-MgCl₂ system containing 15 mol % MgCl₂, the InCl₃-CdCl₂ system containing 1.5 mol % CdCl₂, and the In₂S₃-InCl₃ system containing 5 mol % InCl₃) are chosen, and their electric transport properties are characterized. The optimum conditions for electrochemical doping (temperature, current density), under which the current efficiency reaches 90–100%, are determined. The doping with germanium and indium is performed for nonstoichiometric compounds, such as lead monotelluride, indium sulfide, and ternary chalcogenide spinel Cd_{1 ± δ}Cr₂Se₄. The doping efficiency is controlled by measuring the electromotive force of the corresponding electrochemical cells and the Hall effect, as well as using the electrical conductivity method. The solid electrolytes that are reversible with respect to indium are used to determine the standard Gibbs energies of formation of a number of indium-containing semiconductors.     

Generalized ACE Constrained Progressive Edge-Growth LDPC Code Design

In this letter, we propose a generalization of the progressive edge-growth (PEG) algorithm with the aim of designing LDPC code graphs with substantially improved approximated cycle extrinsic message degree (ACE) properties. The proposed realization of generalized PEG algorithm outperforms original PEG algorithm and its subsequent modification proposed by Xiao and Banihashemi.     

Modified Transition Matrix Simulations of Communication Systems

We apply appropriately enhanced transition matrix and multicanonical methods to communication systems. Our procedure not only predicts time-independent quantities such as the bit-error-probability but can also be applied to dynamic effects such as the distribution of fading times.     

Implementation of adaptive critic-based neurocontrollers for turbogenerators in a multimachine power system

This paper presents the design and practical hardware implementation of optimal neurocontrollers that replace the conventional automatic voltage regulator (AVR) and the turbine governor of turbogenerators on multimachine power systems. The neurocontroller design uses a powerful technique of the adaptive critic design (ACD) family called dual heuristic programming (DHP). The DHP neurocontrollers' training and testing are implemented on the Innovative Integration M67 card consisting of the TMS320C6701 processor. The measured results show that the DHP neurocontrollers are robust and their performance does not degrade unlike the conventional controllers even when a power system stabilizer (PSS) is included, for changes in system operating conditions and configurations. This paper also shows that it is possible to design and implement optimal neurocontrollers for multiple turbogenerators in real time, without having to do continually online training of the neural networks, thus avoiding risks of instability.     

Distributed Transmit Antenna Selection (DTAS) Under Performance or Energy Consumption Constraints

Motivated by the transmit antenna selection (TAS) concept, used in Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output systems, we argue for distributed transmit antenna selection (DTAS), which corresponds to a method of selecting a subset of available relays in cooperative diversity systems. Assuming amplify and forward relays, the proposed selection method represents a low-complexity tool for determining the optimum relaying set. Two optimization problems are studied: the error probability minimization subject to total energy consumption constraints, and the dual one, the total energy consumption minimization under error performance constraints. Numerical examples verify the advantage of the proposed method in adapting the number of relaying terminals to the desired performance-consumption tradeoff.     

Interval based MINLP superstructure synthesis of mass exchange networks

A new simultaneous synthesis approach for mass exchange networks (MENs) is presented. The technique is adapted from the interval based mixed integer non-linear program (MINLP) superstructure (IBMS) synthesis of heat exchanger networks (HENs). The superstructure interval boundary compositions are defined by the supply and target compositions of either the rich or lean set of streams. Each rich and lean stream in the superstructure has the potential of exchanging mass with streams of opposite kind in each interval based on mass transfer feasibility. The model harnesses the strengths of the stagewise superstructure and the pinch technology methods for mass exchange network synthesis (MENS). The IBMS approach simultaneously trades-off the capital and operating costs for MENs. The superstructure composition interval defining approach introduced in this paper enforces the mixing of split streams at equal compositions, hence there is no need to include mixing equations in the model. Fixing the interval boundaries helps to eliminate the complexities involved in initialisations, thus the region of search for the optimum solution is reduced. The IBMS model is applied to MENS problems involving continuous contact and staged columns. It is also extended to problems involving multiple mass separating agents (MSAs) and regeneration. The results obtained compare well with those in the literature.     

Comparative Study of Rubidium and Cesium as Promoters in Carbon-supported Ruthenium Catalysts for Ammonia Synthesis

Sibunit-supported Ru-catalysts promoted with cesium or rubidium compounds have been comparatively studied with XPS. The cesium promoter interacts both with support and with active component. The absence of the promoter–support interaction in the case of rubidium provides a stronger interaction between promoter and active component compared to the cesium-based catalysts. These differences in the promoter–support and promoter–metal interactions are exhibited when a sequence of ruthenium and alkali introduction are changed.     

Intriguing nonlinear dynamics of a controller with a sluggish actuator

We apply a bifurcation-theoretic approach to the standard Moore–Greitzer compressor model in effort to understand a curious phenomenon. When one forces the actuator to respond sluggishly to commanded inputs, performance of the controller improves dramatically. We show that the behavior can be explained via Hopf–Hopf interactions of surge and rotating stall. Also, we argue that there is a broad class of controllers which possess the general dynamic features responsible for the surprising effectiveness of sluggish actuators.     

Synthesis of Sialon from Kaolin and Its Phase Formation

The main phase transformations during synthesis of β‐sialon from kaolin of the Prosyanovskii deposit (Ukraine) under test-industrial production conditions have been studied. Sialon was prepared by carbothermal reduction in graphite-tube furnaces in nitrogen. It is shown that the process is characterized by the simultaneous occurrence of several chemical reactions with formation of intermediate phases (Si₂ON₂, X₁‐phase), silicon carbide, and (apart from β‐sialon) sialons based on AlN polytypes. The phase composition of the final product is determined not only by the charge composition but also by the set of production parameters. Results of the work may provide a basis for commercial preparation of sialon powder.