Kinetics and reaction scheme of coal liquefaction over molten tin catalyst

Rates of formation of gases, oils, asphaltenes and preasphaltenes during non-solvent liquefaction of coal over molten tin catalyst have been measured. A probable reaction scheme and the rate constants for the pathways comprising the scheme have been presented. The results show that the catalyst greatly accelerates the conversion of preasphaltenes to asphaltenes. It also accelerates two other reactions, i.e., coal to preasphaltenes and coal to asphaltenes. By contrast, the catalyst does little to promote gasification and formation of oils.     

Deoxidation of Ti Melt by Newly Developed Two-Step Plasma Arc Melting Process Using Hydrogen

Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B - A two-step plasma arc melting process, comprising a first step under Ar-30 pct H2 gas flow and the second step under Ar gas flow, has been...     

Evolution of TiS and TiN in Fe-40 MassPctNi Austenitic Alloy During Heating at 1273 K (1000 °C)

Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B - Evolution of TiS in composition and morphology as well as the change in size distribution of TiS and TiN in Fe-40 masspctNi austenitic alloy during...     

Corrosion characteristics of reduced activation ferritic steel, JLF-1 (8.92Cr–2W) in molten salts Flibe and Flinak

Static corrosion tests were performed in molten salts, LiF–BeF₂ (Flibe) and LiF–NaF–KF (Flinak), at 500 °C and 600 °C for 1000 h. The purpose is to investigate the corrosion characteristics of reduced activation ferritic steels, JLF-1 (8.92Cr–2W) in the fluids. The concentration of hydrogen fluoride (HF) in the fluids was measured by slurry pH titration method before and after the exposure. The HF concentration determined the fluoridation potential. The corrosion was mainly caused by dissolution of Fe and Cr into the fluids due to fluoridation and/or electrochemical corrosion. Carbon on the surface might be dissolved into the fluids due to the corrosion, and this resulted to the decrease of carbide on the surface. The corrosion depth of the JLF-1 specimen, which was obtained from the weight losses, was 0.637 μm in Flibe at 600 °C and 6.73 μm in Flinak at 600 °C.     

Polyphasic characterization of two microbial consortia with wide dechlorination spectra for chlorophenols

Two soil-free anaerobic dechlorinating cultures (3-CP and 35-DCP) were enriched from a pentachlorophenol (PCP)-to-phenol dechlorinating soil-dependent culture, using 3-chlorophenol (3-CP) and 3,5-dichlorophenol (3,5-DCP) as specific respective substrates, and characterized polyphasically. Physiological characterization indicated that the 3-CP and 35-DCP cultures had similar features, but with some variations. Both cultures utilized formate or acetate preferably as optimum electron donors for reductive dechlorination, and they shared similar patterns of dechlorination spectra for chlorophenols ranging from mono-CPs to a tetra-CP, with preferred dechlorination pathways in the ortho and meta positions. Alternative electron acceptors such as NO(3)(-) but not SO(4)(2-) inhibited the dechlorination activity in both cultures, while amorphous iron oxides (FeOOH) suppressed dechlorination activity only in the 35-DCP culture. Complete inhibition of dechlorination was observed in both cultures supplemented with chloramphenicol and vancomycin. The addition of 2-bromoethanesulfonate resulted in delayed dechlorination activity in the 35-DCP culture but not in the 3-CP culture; molybdate did not exert any inhibitory effect in either culture. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA genes confirmed that the two cultures exhibited similar bacterial species but with varied responsible dechlorinators. Dehalobacter spp. were the likely dechlorinators in the 3-CP culture versus Sulfurospirillum spp. in the 35-DCP culture, with Clostridium and Clostridium-like spp. as candidate dechlorinators in both cultures.     

乙酸丁酯反应精馏过程模拟设计

反应精馏偶合了反应和精馏两种单元操作,通过精馏促进反应,可以提高反应转化率和收率,为可逆反应的化工过程生产提供了新的设计途径。基于严格热力学分析计算,利用计算机模拟和优化手段。提出了乙酸丁酯反应精馏、分离纯化的生产流程。采用UNIQUAC方程表征乙酸-正丁醇-乙酸丁酯-水四元非理想体系的汽液平衡,首先,根据实验数据回归了热力学模型中的交互作用参数,并预测了体系中5个共沸物组成,模型的计算结果与实际数据吻合。基于平衡级模型,提出了由平衡反应器、反应精馏塔、倾析器和纯化塔构成的可行流程,对提出的设计流程进行了模拟、优化,得到了操作工艺参数。模拟结果对工业过程的设计和改造具有一定的指导意义。     

High-speed operation in printed organic inverter circuits with short channel length

We have demonstrated fast operation of printed organic inverter circuits. We employ a soluble organic semiconducting material which has high field-effect mobility and ink-jet printed source/drain electrodes with short channel length. Appropriate concentration of the semiconducting solution and modification layer of source/drain electrodes improve both mobility and on/off ratio. The fabricated transistors with a short channel length (4 μm) exhibit excellent mobility (1.2 cm²/V s), high on/off ratio (>10⁵) and operational stability. The diode-load inverter with a narrow channel and low parasitic capacitance operate at 8 kHz at 20 V. These results will lead to significant progress in applications of printed organic circuits.     

Kinetics of CO2 reforming of methane by catalytically activated metallic foam absorber for solar receiver-reactors

Ni–Cr–Al metallic foam absorber with high porosity was catalytically activated using a Ru/γ-Al₂O₃ catalyst, and was subsequently tested with respect to CO₂ reforming of methane in a small-scale volumetric receiver-reactor by using a sun-simulator. A chemical storage efficiency of 37% was obtained for a mean light flux of 325 kW m⁻². Furthermore, the activity and the stability of the metallic foam absorber were compared with those of a SiC foam absorber activated with the same Ru/γ-Al₂O₃ catalyst for 50 h of light irradiation, and it was found that the metallic foam absorber has superior catalytic stability in comparison to the SiC form absorber. In addition, unlike ceramic foams such as SiC, metallic foams feature superior plasticity, which prevents the emergence of cracks caused by mechanical or thermal shock.     

Wet dispersion mechanism of fine aggregates in multiphase flow with solid beads under simple shear

Clarifying the disintegration mechanism of aggregates in multiphase fluid flow coupled with beads and particulates is important for the optimum design of a wet dispersion process using a stirred media mill. Thus, we develop a numerical method for simulating multiphase flow with beads and particulates using a discrete element method and computational fluid dynamics, and we use the four‐way coupling simulation to study the fluid‐bead‐particulate‐coupled phenomenon that occurs in a simple shear box. The results show that the dominant force causing aggregate disintegration is the fluid force, rather than the bead contact force, because aggregates rarely collide with beads, contact force of which is too small to disintegrate aggregates. Furthermore, aggregates with strong aggregation force are effectively disintegrated by the fluid flow with a dominant high pure‐shear rate induced near the bead surfaces by the expansive force, rather than the compressive force. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J 60: 4076–4085, 2014