Contribution of listeners' approaching motion to auditory distance perception.

Of the several sources of acoustic information for distance perception, those arising from motion of the listener or sound source have received little attention. This motion-related information (recently called acoustic tau) is described, and experiments evaluating its utilization are presented. Accuracy and consistency at walking to the locations of briefly presented sounds were better when people listened while walking than while standing still. Manipulations of the sound to simulate shorter or longer target distances produced appropriate undershooting but not overshooting. The results indicate that people use motion-related acoustic information about distance to guide their locomotor actions, although they do not take full advantage of this information. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Young children's (Homo sapiens) understanding of knowledge formation in themselves and others.

Three- and 4-yr-old children were tested for comprehension of knowledge formation. In Exp 1, 34 Ss watched as a surprise was hidden under 1 of 4 obscured cups. The experimenter then pointed to the cup. All children searched under the correct cup, but no 3-yr-olds (in contrast to most 4-yr-olds) could explain how they knew where to look. Ss then discriminated between simultaneous pointing by 2 adults, one who had hidden a surprise and one who had left the room before the surprise was hidden. Most 4-yr-olds (but no 3-yr-olds) showed clear discrimination between the adults. In Exp 2, 16 Ss were tested with procedures designed to make the source of their own knowledge more obvious, but this had no effect on performance. It is concluded that studies using very similar procedures with chimpanzees and rhesus macaques were measuring an ability (or inability) to understand how knowledge states form. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Atmospheric Chemistry of 2-Ethyl Acrolein

The atmospheric oxidation of the unsaturated aldehyde 2-ethyl acrolein, CH₂=C(C₂H₅)CHO, has been studied in laboratory experiments involving the reaction of ozone with 2-ethyl acrolein in the dark (with cyclohexane added to scavenge the hydroxyl radical), and the sunlight irradiation of 2-ethyl acrolein with NO in air. The major carbonyl products of the 2-ethyl acrolein reaction with ozone are formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and the dicarbonyl ethylglyoxal, CH₃CH₂COCHO. Sunlight irradiation of 2-ethyl acrolein and NO led to the formation of three carbonyls (formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and ethylglyoxal) and three peroxyacyl nitrates, (RC(O)OONO₂), including PAN (R = CH₃), PPN (R = C₂H₅), and the unsaturated compound EPAN (R = CH₂=C(C₂H₅)). Mechanisms are outlined for the reactions of ozone and of the hydroxyl radical with 2-ethyl acrolein. These mechanisms are consistent with the observed carbonyl and peroxyacyl nitrate products. Thermal decomposition, a major atmospheric removal process for peroxyacyl nitrates, has been studied for EPAN. The decomposition rate of EPAN relative to that of PAN is 0.59–0.73 at 292–294 K and 1 atm of air. Atmospheric implications of these results are discussed.     

Differential effects of aging on directional and absolute errors in visuospatial memory.

Studied memory for visuospatial arrays in 28 male and 34 female healthy dextral adults (aged 20–90 yrs). 10 abstract figures were presented in each hemispace over a series of learning trials, and then delayed free recall of figure placement was obtained. Figures were misplaced significantly downward and leftward in both hemispaces. Both vertical and horizontal absolute error increased significanty with age, but no age effects on directional errors were observed. The increase in absolute error over age is consistent with decreased anterograde memory and visuospatial skills in the elderly. The directional errors are believed to result from an attentional shift toward proximal peripersonal space, in combination with attentional shifts from differential left vs right cerebral activation. Gender effects were also observed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Performance evaluation of dynamically linearized and kinematically redundant planar manipulators

The objective of this research is to investigate the feasibility of a theoretical development which could lead to advanced manipulator concepts offering fast dynamic and control features. Specifically, the application of “dynamic linearization” to a kinematically redundant planar manipulator is studied. In comparing such a manipulator with a standard non-linear, non-redundant design it is shown that in addition to the expected merits in linearity, dexterity, and computational simplicity, savings in actuator energy consumption can also be realized using a relative simple trajectory optimization scheme.     

The nuclear fuel cycle

In the first half of the 21st century, a redistribution of the energy data should occur, where nuclear will play a more important role, particularly as coal will become more and more costly to extract.On a worldwide basis, the unability of oil to be replaced in some areas like transportation, and the difficulty of developing countries to find substitutes for this energy source, could also lead developed countries to keep the energy resources for a better utilization, and give the countries which have no access to other resources, a possibility to develop.Thus, France has extensively enhanced nuclear energy for its electricity production, and, consequently, makes the necessary efforts for the knowledge of the whole fuel cycle.     

Order–disorder phase transition induced by swift ions in MgAl2O4 and ZnAl2O4 spinels

Grazing X-ray diffraction was used to study in details the behaviour of two spinels, ZnAl₂O₄ and MgAl₂O₄ irradiated by swift ions. Such an irradiation allows to have an important irradiated depth and then accurate diffraction diagrams. Rietveld refinement done on these diagrams clearly show an order–disorder transition due to a melting of cations under irradiation in these two spinels. More especially, these results clearly exhibit that no new phase is created under irradiation in MgAl₂O₄. Raman spectroscopy, sensitive to the crystallographic space group, seems to confirm this analysis.     

Learning and Revising User Profiles: The Identification of Interesting Web Sites

We discuss algorithms for learning and revising user profiles that can determine which World Wide Web sites on a given topic would be interesting to a user. We describe the use of a naive Bayesian classifier for this task, and demonstrate that it can incrementally learn profiles from user feedback on the interestingness of Web sites. Furthermore, the Bayesian classifier may easily be extended to revise user provided profiles. In an experimental evaluation we compare the Bayesian classifier to computationally more intensive alternatives, and show that it performs at least as well as these approaches throughout a range of different domains. In addition, we empirically analyze the effects of providing the classifier with background knowledge in form of user defined profiles and examine the use of lexical knowledge for feature selection. We find that both approaches can substantially increase the prediction accuracy.