Part II: An example of the use of the comsis software: simulation of an optical network which uses wavelength multiplexing,fsk modulation format and direct detection

This second article deals with using the Comsis software for a particular application. Simulation is used to determine the maximum channel density in presence of crosstalk. In a first part, the modelling of the system is described. The simulation parameters of different optical elements are given. The results show that in the case of channels modulated at 500 Mbitls using fsk modulation format, and a direct detection operation at 1,5 μm, a minimum spacing of 6 GHz can be obtained with a 2 dB penalty. Thus if only the bandwidth of the erbium doped fibre amplifier is taken into account, the maximum number of channels which can be used is 250. However if the fsr (free spectral range) of optical filter is taken into account, the maximun number of channels is limited to 30.     

Using a microstrip bandpass filter to compare different circuit analysis techniques

A 22.5-GHz microstrip bandpass filter is analyzed using three different circuit analysis techniques. Circuit theory modeling fails to provide an accurate prediction when compared to measured data. But a hybrid analysis, which uses electromagnetic field solver computations and circuit theory models, provides good agreement with measured data. A more complete field solver analysis of the filter also shows good agreement when compared to measurements. In the later two cases, the electromagnetic analysis captures the actual current distribution on the filter that circuit theory fails to predict. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Contribution of listeners' approaching motion to auditory distance perception.

Of the several sources of acoustic information for distance perception, those arising from motion of the listener or sound source have received little attention. This motion-related information (recently called acoustic tau) is described, and experiments evaluating its utilization are presented. Accuracy and consistency at walking to the locations of briefly presented sounds were better when people listened while walking than while standing still. Manipulations of the sound to simulate shorter or longer target distances produced appropriate undershooting but not overshooting. The results indicate that people use motion-related acoustic information about distance to guide their locomotor actions, although they do not take full advantage of this information. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Role of child and maternal processes in the psychological adjustment of children with sickle cell disease.

In this study, 64% of children aged 7–12 yrs with sickle cell disease were found to have a parent-reported behavior problem, and 50% met the criteria for a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-III-Revised (DSM-III-R) diagnosis based on a structured clinical interview of the child. Internalizing types of behavior problems and diagnoses were the most frequent. Support was provided for a transactional stress and coping model in delineating the processes associated with child adjustment. In particular, maternal anxiety accounted for 16–33% of the variance in mother-reported internalizing and externalizing behavior problems, respectively, and child pain-coping strategies accounted for 21% of the variance in child-reported adjustment problems. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Predicting the shape of organic crystals grown from polar solvents

A method for predicting the shape of organic crystals grown from polar solvents is presented. The model is an improvement of the recent method developed by Winn and Doherty (A.I.Ch.E. Journal 44 (1998) 2501) for predicting the shape of organic crystals grown from solvents in which the energy of adhesion at the interfaces is dominated by dispersive forces (e.g., non-polar solvents). The principal characteristic of the new method is that it can account for the role of hydrogen donor and hydrogen acceptor atoms in forming strong bonds at the interface. This technique is a first step towards predicting the shapes of organic crystals grown from polar solvents, and has been applied successfully to predict the shape of adipic acid grown from water, and succinic acid grown from water and from propanol.     

Electrical heat tracing: international harmonization-now and in thefuture

In the past, electrical heat tracing has been thought of as a minor addition to plant utilities. Today, it is recognized as a critical subsystem to be monitored and controlled. A marriage between process, mechanical, and electrical engineers must take place to ensure that optimum economic results are produced. The Internet, expert systems, and falling costs of instrumentation will all contribute to more reliable control systems and improved monitoring systems. There is a harmonization between Europe and North America that should facilitate design and installation using common components. The future holds many opportunities to optimize the design     

Young children's (Homo sapiens) understanding of knowledge formation in themselves and others.

Three- and 4-yr-old children were tested for comprehension of knowledge formation. In Exp 1, 34 Ss watched as a surprise was hidden under 1 of 4 obscured cups. The experimenter then pointed to the cup. All children searched under the correct cup, but no 3-yr-olds (in contrast to most 4-yr-olds) could explain how they knew where to look. Ss then discriminated between simultaneous pointing by 2 adults, one who had hidden a surprise and one who had left the room before the surprise was hidden. Most 4-yr-olds (but no 3-yr-olds) showed clear discrimination between the adults. In Exp 2, 16 Ss were tested with procedures designed to make the source of their own knowledge more obvious, but this had no effect on performance. It is concluded that studies using very similar procedures with chimpanzees and rhesus macaques were measuring an ability (or inability) to understand how knowledge states form. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Atmospheric Chemistry of 2-Ethyl Acrolein

The atmospheric oxidation of the unsaturated aldehyde 2-ethyl acrolein, CH₂=C(C₂H₅)CHO, has been studied in laboratory experiments involving the reaction of ozone with 2-ethyl acrolein in the dark (with cyclohexane added to scavenge the hydroxyl radical), and the sunlight irradiation of 2-ethyl acrolein with NO in air. The major carbonyl products of the 2-ethyl acrolein reaction with ozone are formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and the dicarbonyl ethylglyoxal, CH₃CH₂COCHO. Sunlight irradiation of 2-ethyl acrolein and NO led to the formation of three carbonyls (formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and ethylglyoxal) and three peroxyacyl nitrates, (RC(O)OONO₂), including PAN (R = CH₃), PPN (R = C₂H₅), and the unsaturated compound EPAN (R = CH₂=C(C₂H₅)). Mechanisms are outlined for the reactions of ozone and of the hydroxyl radical with 2-ethyl acrolein. These mechanisms are consistent with the observed carbonyl and peroxyacyl nitrate products. Thermal decomposition, a major atmospheric removal process for peroxyacyl nitrates, has been studied for EPAN. The decomposition rate of EPAN relative to that of PAN is 0.59–0.73 at 292–294 K and 1 atm of air. Atmospheric implications of these results are discussed.