Advanced Functional Structure‐Based Sensing and Imaging Strategies for Cancer Detection: Possibilities,Opportunities, Challenges,and Prospects

Cancer is the second most common cause of death in the world. The principal limitations thus far encountered in the clinical practice of probing cancer are diverse and include low sensitivity, time consumption, bulkiness, and cost. In this respect, nanomaterial (NM)‐based sensing techniques are recognized as a superior alternative to efficiently resolve such limitations. A better understanding of NM‐based sensing platforms is thus important so that these novel avenues can easily be explored for clinical applications. These platforms have the merits of high sensitivity, high specificity, rapid response, and easy‐to‐read signals. This review offers a comprehensive survey of NM‐based advanced cancer‐sensing techniques and will help the scientific community establish optimum sensing strategies based on an accurate assessment of the interactions between cancer biomarkers and NM‐based platforms.     

High-Brightness Wavelength Beam Combined Semiconductor Laser Diode Arrays

We report the wavelength beam combining of an array of high-power high-brightness 970-nm slab-coupled optical waveguide lasers. A 50-W peak power under quasi-continuous-wave (CW) operation was measured in an output beam with a beam quality of M_x,y ²=1.2, and 30 W under CW operation was measured with a beam quality of M_x,y ²=2     

Filter bank frame expansions with erasures

We study frames for robust transmission over the Internet. In our previous work, we used quantized finite-dimensional frames to achieve resilience to packet losses; here, we allow the input to be a sequence in l₂(Z) and focus on a filter-bank implementation of the system. We present results in parallel, R^N or C^N versus l₂(Z), and show that uniform tight frames, as well as newly introduced strongly uniform tight frames, provide the best performance     

An Efficient Data Delivery Scheme in WBAN to Deal with Shadow Effect due to Postural Mobility

The body movement and change in posture exhibit high mobility in sensor nodes which causes shadowing in the Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN). Due to this, the connectivity between the nodes in WBAN is affected which further causes failure in data delivery. This article presents a MAC protocol in WBAN to deal with the problem of data delivery due to body movement and postural mobility. It uses an Improved Initial Centroid K-means clustering technique for classification of various human body postures followed by back propagation neural network as a classifier to recognize human body posture. This article proposes a posture aware dynamic data delivery (PA-DDD) protocol to deliver data dynamically. The PA-DDD protocol can be used under varying speed walking scenario. The simulation results show that it prolongs the network lifetime and is energy efficient.

     

A matching game framework for users clustering and resource allocation with wireless power transfer in a CR-NOMA network

This paper investigates the resource allocation in a massively deployed user cognitive radio enabled non-orthogonal multiple access (CR-NOMA) network considering the downlink scenario. The system performance deteriorates with the number of users who are experiencing similar channel characteristics from the base station (BS) in NOMA. To address this challenge, we propose a framework for maximizing the system throughput that is based on one-to-one matching game theory integrated with the machine learning technique. The proposed approach is decomposed to solve users clustering and power allocation subproblems. The selection of optimal cluster heads (CHs) and their associated cluster members is based on Gale-Shapley matching game theoretical model with the application of Hungarian method. The CHs can harvest energy from the BS and transfer their surplus power to the primary user (PU) through wireless power transfer. In return, they are allowed to access the licensed band for secondary transmission. The power allocation to the users intended for power conservation at CHs is formulated as a probabilistic constraint, which is then solved by employing the support vector machine (SVM) algorithm. The simulation results demonstrate the efficacy of our proposed schemes that enable the CHs to transfer the residual power while ensuring maximum system throughput. The effects of different parameters on the performance are also studied.     

Mean lifetime calculations of quantum well structures: a rigorousanalysis

A matrix method that is applicable to an arbitrary potential variation represented by a set of linear functions such as multiple quantum well structures in the presence of a static electric field is described. An analytical expression for the mean lifetime of the quasi-bound state of a single quantum well in the presence of a static electric field is obtained     

Normally Oriented Adhesion versus Friction Forces in Bacterial Adhesion to Polymer‐Brush Functionalized Surfaces Under Fluid Flow

Bacterial adhesion is problematic in many diverse applications. Coatings of hydrophilic polymer chains in a brush configuration reduce bacterial adhesion by orders of magnitude, but not to zero. Here, the mechanism by which polymer‐brush functionalized surfaces reduce bacterial adhesion from a flowing carrier fluid by relating bacterial adhesion with normally oriented adhesion and friction forces on polymer (PEG)‐brush coatings of different softness is studied. Softer brush coatings deform more than rigid ones, which yields extensive bond‐maturation and strong, normally oriented adhesion forces, accompanied by irreversible adhesion of bacteria. On rigid brushes, normally oriented adhesion forces remain small, allowing desorption and accordingly lower numbers of adhering bacteria result. Friction forces, generated by fluid flow and normally oriented adhesion forces, are required to oppose fluid shear forces and cause immobile adhesion. Summarizing, inclusion of friction forces and substratum softness provides a more complete mechanism of bacterial adhesion from flowing carrier fluids than available hitherto.     

An Authentication Based Approach for Prevention of Spectrum Sensing Data Falsification Attacks in Cognitive Radio Network

Wireless Personal Communications - This is the era of Intelligent Cognitive Radio Network (CRN) technology that provides the available spectrum with efficient utilization. Cognitive Radio (CR)...     

FGWSO‐TAR: Fractional glowworm swarm optimization for traffic aware routing in urban VANET

In mobile distributed applications, such as traffic alert dissemination, dynamic route planning, file sharing, and so on, vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) has emerged as a feasible solution in recent years. However, the performance of the VANET depends on the routing protocol in accord with the delay and throughput requirements. Many of the routing protocols have been extensively studied in the literature. Although there are exemptions, they escalate research challenges in traffic aware routing (TAR) protocol of VANET. This paper introduces the fractional glowworm swarm optimization (FGWSO) for the TAR protocol of VANET in an urban scenario that can identify the optimal path for the vehicle with less traffic density and delay time. The proposed FGWSO searches the optimal routing path based on the fitness function formulated in this paper. Fractional glowworm swarm optimization is the combination of the GWSO and fractional theory. Moreover, exponential weighted moving average is utilized to predict the traffic density and the speed of the vehicle, which is utilized as the major constraints in the fitness function of the optimization algorithm to find the optimal traffic aware path. Simulation of FGWSO shows the significant improvement with a minimal end‐to‐end delay of 6.6395 seconds and distance of 17.3962 m, respectively, in comparison with the other existing routing approaches. The simulation also validates the optimality of the proposed TAR protocol.     

Survivability using traffic balancing and backup resource reservation in multi‐domain optical networks

Survivability in the geographically distributed backbone multi‐domain optical networks (MDONs) is critical because of issues related to its size, usage of resources, and domain management policies of the comprising domains. In MDONs, the emerging scheduled traffic is increasingly multivendor, multimedia, and periodic. It is high during the office (working) hours and low during the non‐office (non‐working) hours in a day. A connection failure during the office hours may result in huge amount of information being lost. Towards providing an acceptable level of service even when a connection fails, we first provide traffic balancing (TB) based solutions where the intra/inter‐domain traffic is slided (S1‐TB), shifted (S2‐TB), or slided as well as shifted (S3‐TB) based on the service level agreement between the client and domain service provider. Of the above solutions, the solution based on sliding as well as shifting (S3‐TB) performs best, and hence for further improvement in S3‐TB, we incorporate backup multiplexing with advance backup resource reservation (BRR) and evaluate the performance of the strategy and report results. The performance evaluation of the above strategies is compared with the existing extended path shared protection (EPSP) by a simulator developed in MATLAB and tested on three‐domain and five‐domain standard network topologies, on the metrics of blocking probability, network resource utilization ratio, network capacity utilized by backup route, wavelength link used per backup lightpath, and a newly introduced metric, network resource utilization index. As compared with the existing strategy EPSP, the S3‐TB and S3‐TB with BRR showed improved performance on all the metrics.