低共熔溶剂分离油茶果壳木质素及其抗氧化活性和热解特性分析

为了获得兼具分子量低、分散度低和抗氧化活力高的木质素,本研究以油茶果壳为原料,采用碱法和低共熔溶剂法分离得到四种木质素,利用紫外光谱、凝胶渗透色谱、傅里叶变换红外光谱和热重分析对其进行结构分析,并通过清除1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（DPPH）自由基能力评价其体外抗氧化活性。结果表明:紫外光谱和红外光谱显示油茶果壳木质素主要由紫丁香基和愈创木酚基单元结构组成。凝胶渗透色谱分析表明碱木质素的重均分子量（Mw）和分散度（PDI）分别为41858 g/mol和4.53,而低共熔溶剂提取的木质素具有较小的相对分子量（Mw<11000 g/mol）和分散度（PDI<2）。热重分析可知油茶果壳木质素热稳定性依次为:氯化胆碱-草酸（ChCl-OA）>碱木质素（AL）>氯化胆碱-乙二醇-对甲苯磺酸（ChCl-EG-P）>氯化胆碱-丙三醇（ChCl-GA）。此外,抗氧化活性结果显示4种木质素均有一定的抗氧化活性,清除DPPH自由基的IC₅₀为0.388~1.02 mg/mL。此研究结果为油茶果壳木质素分离和高值化开发利用提供了一定的参考价值。     

Attributional complexity: An individual differences measure.

Describes the development of a scale that measures the complexity of attributional schemata for human behavior—the Attributional Complexity Scale (ACS). In Study 1, the ACS was administered to 289 undergraduates. The results show that the ACS had adequate internal reliability and test–retest reliability, and a factor analysis yielded 1 major factor. Study 2 tested the discriminant and convergent validity of the ACS by administering it to 81 undergraduates. As predicted, attributional complexity was not related to social desirability, academic ability, or internal–external locus of control, but it was positively related to the need for cognition. Study 3 confirmed the prediction that psychology majors (n?=?59) would have more complex attributional schemata than natural science majors (n?=?35). Studies 4 and 5, with 174 Ss, provided evidence for the external validity of the scale: Attributionally complex Ss compared with attributionally simple Ss spontaneously produced more causes for personality dispositions and selected more complex causal attributions for simple behavioral events. Implications for various issues in social cognition are discussed. (48 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Computer graphics curricula in the visual arts

Computers have recently emerged as commonplace on the scene in a record number of university art departments. This rapid change has created the need for new curriculum in the computer art discipline. In designing these courses I see three ideas that are paramount to any computer graphics curriculum in the visual arts. First, the courses and course work should focus on individual expression and creativity, second, the instruction should include an awareness of the “wow” factor, and third, the courses should include a balance of computer art, traditional art, computer science, and academics such as theory, art history, and criticism.     

Sources of social support and burnout, job satisfaction, and productivity.

Social support has been identified as an important correlate of a variety of work outcomes. Support from different sources, including family, coworkers, and supervisors, was examined in 211 traffic enforcement agents (92 men, 119 women). Outcomes included subjective variables (burnout and job satisfaction) and an objective measure of productivity (number of summonses). Support was negatively associated with burnout and positively associated with satisfaction and productivity. A cluster of support variables accounted for 7% of the variance in burnout and productivity and 12% of the variance in job satisfaction. Family support was more closely associated with burnout than with satisfaction or productivity, whereas immediate supervisor support was related to satisfaction and productivity but not burnout. Results suggest that support may be associated with work-related outcomes through multiple pathways. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

纺锤形赖氨酸芽孢杆菌P-3产胞外多糖发酵工艺参数优化

利用响应面法对纺锤形赖氨酸芽孢杆菌（Lysinibacillus fusiformis）P-3产胞外多糖（EPS）发酵工艺参数进行了优化。通过单因素试验筛选到显著因素,对显著因素进行Box-Behnken中心组合试验设计优化,建立EPS产量与各因素的多元回归方程;最终确定最佳发酵工艺参数为接种量3%、初始pH 7、发酵温度34 ℃、发酵时间32 h和转速161 r/min。在此优化条件下,EPS平均产量为2.92 g/L。     

The Pathophysiology of Osteoporosis after Spinal Cord Injury

Spinal cord injury (SCI) affects approximately 300,000 people in the United States. Most individuals who sustain severe SCI also develop subsequent osteoporosis. However, beyond immobilization-related lack of long bone loading, multiple mechanisms of SCI-related bone density loss are incompletely understood. Recent findings suggest neuronal impairment and disability may lead to an upregulation of receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL), which promotes bone resorption. Disruption of Wnt signaling and dysregulation of RANKL may also contribute to the pathogenesis of SCI-related osteoporosis. Estrogenic effects may protect bones from resorption by decreasing the upregulation of RANKL. This review will discuss the current proposed physiological and cellular mechanisms explaining osteoporosis associated with SCI. In addition, we will discuss emerging pharmacological and physiological treatment strategies, including the promising effects of estrogen on cellular protection.     

AIDS treatment advances and behavioral prevention setbacks: Preliminary assessment of reduced perceived threat of HIV–AIDS.

Recent advances in AIDS treatment have brought renewed optimism for prolonging the lives of those infected with HIV. This article examined beliefs about how new treatments may reduce HIV transmission risk among 298 HIV-negative gay and bisexual men attending a gay pride festival. Results from an anonymous survey showed that men who practiced unprotected anal intercourse as the receptive partner (UAR intercourse) were younger, less well educated, and more likely to believe that it is safe to have UAR intercourse with an HIV-positive man who has an undetectable viral load and that new treatments for HIV relieve their worries about unsafe sex. As HIV treatments continue to advance, new challenges for HIV prevention will likely emerge. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)