Laser damage thresholds of optical coatings

Since the very beginning of laser technology, Laser Induced Damage Thresholds (LIDT) of optical components were always an obstacle for the application of laser systems operating at high power levels. Also, further progresses in the development of new high power laser concepts are often directly limited by the availability of advanced optical components with high quality and LIDT-values. Nowadays, in the course of the development of optical materials with excellent quality and power handling capability, the problem of laser induced damage has shifted from the bulk to the surface of the optical component. The optical surface is objected to various production steps and environmental influences, which modify its structure and composition. Especially, the thin film coating, which is deposited on the optical surface to adapt its reflectance and transmittance to the application, contributes predominantly to the reduction of the LIDT-values. As a consequence, the measurement and optimization of the power handling capability of thin films is considered as one of the primary research areas in modern optics technology and is supported by an extensive scientific community.In the present paper, a brief review will be given on selected fundamental damage mechanisms in thin films considering different operation conditions of modern laser systems. Also, the current standards for the measurement of LIDT will be described, and examples illustrating some practical aspects of high power optical coatings will be presented. Finally, recent trends in laser technology will be discussed in respect to research in laser induced damage.     

Untersuchungen zur Vergleichbarkeit der statischen und dynamischen Überdruckprüfung von druckfesten Kapselungen

Forschung im Ingenieurwesen - Der Einsatz von elektrischen Geräten in explosionsgefährdeten Bereichen erfordert besondere Schutzmaßnahmen, um eine Zündung der...     

Chinone. XIII. Synthese von 4,5,9,10-Tetrahydropyren-2,7-dion und Versuch zur Darstellung von Pyren-2,7-dion

Quinones. XIII. Synthesis of 4,5,9,10-Tetrahydropyrene-2,7-dione and Attempted Preparation of Pyrene-2,7-dione The titel quinones 7 and 9 are of interest as electron acceptors for organic conductors. The synthesis of their conjugate hydroquinones 6 and 8 via the metacyclophane derivative 3 is described. The tetrahydropyrene-2,7-dione 7 – obtained by oxidation of 6 – possesses only a limited stability, whereas pyrene-2,7-dion ( 9 ) proved to unstable to be isolated.