Enduring memory-influenced biases in gymnastic judging.

An experiment is reported that examined the duration of prior processing effects in gymnastic judging. Gymnastic judges first encountered a series of gymnastic elements during a study phase. Perceptual and recognition tests then followed 1 of 3 delay conditions: immediate, 1 day, or 1 week. For perceptual judgments, gymnastic elements that were performed the same at study and test resulted in the highest level of accuracy. Elements seen for the first time were less accurate, and the lowest level of accuracy occurred for those that had changed in performance from study to test. This descending pattern of accuracy occurred for all 3 delay conditions, indicating that effects of prior processing were long lasting. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Recency judgments in children: A production deficiency in the use of redundant background cues.

Presented 8 20-picture lists to 40 2nd and 40 4th graders, and each list followed by 3 test pairs, each pair repeating 2 list items. Ss were required to pick the item they had seen more recently on the list. Background color cues were provided, and half the Ss were instructed in using the cues to simplify the task. Difficulty of the recency judgments was also varied by increasing the separation between the 1st presentation of the tested items from 3 to 9 items. The wider the separation, the better the judgment of relative recency. On cue problems, training improved the performance of 2nd graders but not 4th graders. The developmental implications of the study are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Development of chemical sensors based on redox-dependent receptors: N,N'-dimethyldiazapyrenium-modified electrodes

Electrodes modified with Nafion films containing 2,7-dimethyldiazapyrenium (DAP2+) were prepared and characterized with voltammetry by themselves and in the presence of organic substrates. The large, planar, electron-poor aromatic surface in DAP2+ facilitates pi-stacking interactions with other planar aromatic molecules, particularly those that are negatively charged or electron-rich. Previous studies showed that the reduction of DAP2+ decreases the strength of these interactions, making the binding redox-dependent, and resulting in negative shifts in the E(1/2) of DAP2+/+. This study shows that the redox-dependent binding ability of DAP2+ is retained in Nafion, but the selectivity is considerably different. Most significantly, the electron-rich, neutral aromatic compounds that produced small shifts in the E(1/2) of DAP2+/+ in solution cause much larger shifts, up to -110 mV, with the modified electrodes. With indole as a substrate, Nernstian behavior is observed (-60 mV shift per log[indole]) between 10 and 0.5 mM.     

Structures for Abstract Rewriting

When rewriting is used to generate convergent and complete rewrite systems in order to answer the validity problem for some theories, all the rewriting theories rely on a same set of notions, properties, and methods. Rewriting techniques have been used mainly to answer the validity problem of equational theories, that is, to compute congruences. Recently, however, they have been extended in order to be applied to other algebraic structures such as preorders and orders. In this paper, we investigate an abstract form of rewriting, by following the paradigm of logical-system independency. To achieve this purpose, we provide a few simple conditions (or axioms) under which rewriting (and then the set of classical properties and methods) can be modeled, understood, studied, proven, and generalized. This enables us to extend rewriting techniques to other algebraic structures than congruences and preorders such as congruences closed under monotonicity and modus ponens. We introduce convergent rewrite systems that enable one to describe deduction procedures for their corresponding theory, and we propose a Knuth-Bendix–style completion procedure in this abstract framework.     

Can emotions be truly group level? Evidence regarding four conceptual criteria.

Recent advances in understanding prejudice and intergroup behavior have made clear that emotions help explain people's reactions to social groups and their members. Intergroup emotions theory (D. M. Mackie, T. Devos, & E. R. Smith, 2000; E. R. Smith, 1993) holds that intergroup emotions are experienced by individuals when they identify with a social group, making the group part of the psychological self. What differentiates such group-level emotions from emotions that occur purely at the individual level? The authors argue that 4 key criteria define group-level emotions: Group emotions are distinct from the same person's individual-level emotions, depend on the person's degree of group identification, are socially shared within a group, and contribute to regulating intragroup and intergroup attitudes and behavior. Evidence from 2 studies supports all 4 of these predictions and thus points to the meaningfulness, coherence, and functionality of group-level emotions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A survey of models and algorithms for emergency response logistics in electric distribution systems. Part I: Reliability planning with fault considerations

Emergency response operations in electric distribution systems involve a host of decision-making problems at the reliability and contingency planning levels. Those operations include fault diagnosis, fault location, fault isolation, restoration, and repair. As the first of a two-part survey, this paper reviews optimization models and solution methodologies for reliability planning problems with fault considerations related to electric distribution operations. Contingency planning problems of emergency distribution response are discussed in the second part. The present paper surveys research on determining a distribution substation single-fault capacity, reallocating excess load, configuring distribution systems, partitioning a geographical area into service territories, and locating material stores and depots.