Dye binary mixture formulation by means of derivative ratio spectra of the Kubelka–Munk function

In this study, a new method is introduced for the determination of dye concentration in fabrics dyed with bicomponent dye mixtures. The reflectance spectra of the samples dyed with different binary mixtures of dyes were recorded between 400 and 700 nm. The obtained spectra were divided by a standard spectrum of each of the components in the mixtures and the derivative spectra were calculated. The amounts of dyes were determined by measurements in suitably selected wavelengths in the acquired derivative ratio spectra. The obtained results indicate that the developed derivative ratio spectra method is more accurate than the normal Kubelka–Munk method. The proposed derivative method is simple, accurate, and suitable for quantitative analysis of samples dyed with binary mixed shades. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2010     

Mean-square performance analysis of the family of selective partial update and selective regressor affine projection algorithms

In this paper we present a general formalism for the establishment and mean-square performance analysis of the family of selective partial update affine projection (SPU-AP), selective regressor affine projection (SR-AP), and selective partial update subband adaptive filter (SPU-SAF) algorithms. This analysis is based on energy conservation arguments and does not need to assume a Gaussian or white distribution for the regressors. We demonstrate through simulations that the results are useful in predicting the performance of these adaptive filter algorithms.     

Cooking effects on fat and fatty acids composition of chicken muscles

Total lipids content of chicken breast and thigh muscles were investigated. Effects of boiling and roasting cooking treatments on these muscles were also studied to evaluate the probable changes in their fat contents, values of acid, peroxide and thiobarbituric acid (as measures for lipolysis and oxidative deterioration of fat) as well as to estimate their fatty acids (saturated and unsaturated) composition. The obtained results were tabulated and discussed.     

Physiological and Nutraceutical Perspectives of Fructan

Functional and nutraceutical foods have captured the global market owing to trends and perceptions of consumers on the natural products and diet-health linkages. Health promoting potential of such foods has been attributed to the presence of essential bioactive moieties. Wheat, being staple food in many parts of the world, gained substantial attention of researchers particularly for the extraction of various functional components. Among these, fructan oligosaccharides in nature bestow quality of baked products and provide protection against various physiological disorders. Addition of fructan in various baked products enhances softness and color, especially in bread, and also imparts textural improvement. Moreover, fructans boost mineral absorption, hypocholesterolemic, and hypoglycemic perspectives, bifidogenic nature and controlling cancer insurgence. The benefits allied with fructan are mainly dose and time dependent. In this context, its industrial applications for vulnerable groups are increasing worldwide.     

Refractive index determination in fuel cells using high-resolution laser heterodyne interferometer

In this paper, we present an interferometry method for refractive index determination in membranes of fuel cells. This technique is based on the use of an improved laser heterodyne interferometer. The photocurrents of the avalanche photodiodes, resulting from reflected beams of the optical head, are led to the signal conditioner and digital signal processing sections. The optical path difference between the target and reference paths is fixed, and as a result, the phase shift is calculated in terms of the refractive index shift. In addition, nonlinearity of this system is analyzed and modeled with different neural networks and adaptive filter algorithms. For neural networks, the radial basis function (RBF), the multi-layer perceptron (MLP), and the stacked generalization method are simulated. In adaptive filter algorithms, the least mean square (LMS), the normalized least mean square (NLMS), the recursive least squares (RLS), and the affine projection algorithm (APA) are applied. The simulation results indicate that the RLS method is faster and contains minimum mean square error (MSE) compared to the other approaches. Also, comparison between two main approaches shows that the nonlinearity of refractive index determination can be effectively modeled with adaptive filter algorithms.     

Generalized nonlinear FET/HEMT modeling

A modeling procedure which provides an accurate large-signal response for variation in bias, input power level, and fundamental frequency for FET/HEMT transistors is designed. A procedure for measuring the large-signal input response on an easily implemented system is presented. The technique is illustrated by designing a nonlinear PHEMT model, which includes an accurate large-signal input response and works with variations in the aforementioned input conditions. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE 14, 122–133, 2004.     

Numerical investigation of conductance of porous media in high vacuum systems

In high vacuum systems or materials that have fine capillaries, the molecular transport can be characterized as being free-molecular flow regime. In this flow regime intermolecular interactions can be ignored and flow is determined entirely by molecule-surface collisions. The transport of gases and volatile compounds through porous media and filters with variety of geometries is of great interest in various industrial applications. Although the effect of porosity on gas flow in the most of the flow regimes has been explored, but there are a few investigations on gas transport in porous media and filers at free-molecular regime. In this investigation gas transport in porous media with various porosities and geometries is explored. Test Particle Monte-Carlo (TPMC) method is employed. The walls are assumed to be diffusive. The skeletal portion of the porous media (frame) is modelled by solid spheres. The developed numerical scheme is validated with non porous cases. The effect of porosity, sphere sizes of frame, porous geometry, gas type and temperature on the conductance is examined. The simulations are performed for a porous pipe and porous nozzle. Results demonstrate that porosity and filtration highly affects the conductance of pipe and nozzle and causes great pressure drop in high vacuum systems. The increase of sphere sizes at constant porosity causes conductance to grow. The gas type and temperature of gas affects the conductance of pipe and nozzle too.     

Investigation of active slip-systems in some body-centered cubic metals

Tensile tests were performed on high-purity W and Mo polycrystals at room temperature for a range of axial strain-rates 2.1 × 10⁻⁴–2.1 × 10⁻² s⁻¹. The critical resolved shear stress (CRSS) data was analyzed by using the analytical formulation for the strain-rate dependence of the CRSS derived in the kink-pair nucleation (KPN) model of flow stress in crystals with high intrinsic lattice friction. On evaluation of various microscopic slip-parameters of the model, the active slip-system in both W and Mo polycrystals was identified as {110}〈111〉. This is in good agreement with that deduced from the published data on the temperature dependence of the CRSS of these crystals as well as from the observed slip-lines on the deformed crystals reported in the literature. Moreover, the available data on the temperature dependence of the CRSS of Mo, Nb, Fe, V, and K crystals were also analyzed within the framework of the KPN model of flow stress. Peierls mechanism was found to be responsible for the CRSS of these metals; the active slip-systems in refractory metals Mo, Nb, Fe, and V were {110}〈111〉 and {211}〈111〉 whereas that in alkali metal K was {321}〈111〉.     

Disaster-aware service provisioning with manycasting in cloud networks

Cloud services delivered by high-capacity optical datacenter networks are subject to disasters which may cause large-area failures, leading to huge data loss. Survivable service provisioning is crucial to minimize the effects of network/datacenter failures and maintain critical services in case of a disaster. We propose a novel disaster-aware service-provisioning scheme that multiplexes service over multiple paths destined to multiple servers/datacenters with manycasting. Our scheme maintains some bandwidth (i.e., degraded service) after a disaster failure vs. no service at all. We formulate this problem into a mathematical model which turns out to be an Integer Linear Program (ILP), and we provide heuristic optimization approaches as ILP is intractable for large problem instances. Numerical examples show that exploiting manycasting by intelligently selecting destinations in a risk-aware manner for service provisioning offers high level of survivability against link and node failures that may be caused by disasters and post-disaster failures at no extra cost compared to the other survivable schemes.     

Exchange-Coupled IrMn/CoFe Mulitlayers for RF-Integrated Inductors

The high-frequency characteristics of the RF integrated inductors with antiferromagnetic/ferromagnetic (AF/F) multilayers (MLs) are studied. Each AF layer is 8-nm IrMn and F is Co₅₀Fe₅₀ with a 200-nm splitting into N = 1 to 5 repeats of MLs. This exchange coupled {IrMn/CoFe(d nm)}_N MLs are deposited on top of the two-port inductors with five-turn square spiral coils, a dimension of 100 mum times 100 mum and line/space of 5 mum/2 mum. The inductor surface and magnetic layer is separated by 1-mum-thick SiO₂. The enhancement of inductance (DeltaL) is 20% compared to an air-core of the same coil size. The resonance peak gradually shifted to a higher frequency with increasing N, and reached at a maximum of 4.3 GHz when N = 5. This is in good agreement with our magnetic data which revealed that the anisotropy field (H_k) and ferromagnetic resonance frequency (f_FMR) of {IrMn/CoFe(d nm)}_N MLs are increased with increasing N. The quality factor, Q is improved by 6.8% at 1.5 GHz for the {IrMn/CoFe(40 nm)}_N=5 integrated inductors compared to air-core inductors.