Need for the doctor of psychology degree in professional psychology.

The Vail Conference on professional training in psychology recommended development of explicitly professional programs and use of the PsyD degree to certify competence in professional psychology. Policies governing use of the degree, however, as well as the concepts of professional function which degree titles should symbolize, continue to be controversial. Opponents of the Vail Conference recommendations have argued that professional psychologists are most appropriately regarded as scholar-professionals, and have urged award of the PhD degree upon completion of graduate training in such fields as clinical psychology. As counterargument, a multiple definition of the term scholar-professional is stated, and the surplus meanings implied by scholarship are shown to be either false, misleading, or redundant. The difficulties that arise from using the PhD degree as a credential of professional competence are then discussed, and the advantages of employing the PsyD degree both affirmatively, as a certificate of professional competence in psychology, and restrictively, to exclude inadequately trained people from the practice of professional psychology, are asserted. (17 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Comparative psychotherapy: Rational-emotive therapy versus systematic desensitization in the treatment of stuttering.

15 male and 5 female patients (mean age, 28 yrs) at a speech and hearing center were given either no treatment or 8 45-min intensive rational-emotive (R-E) or systematic desensitization (SD) therapy sessions with or without in vivo tasks. In vivo behavioral tasks included 5 telephone calls to persons defined as significant acquaintances by Ss and 5 spontaneous discussions with relative strangers. Assessment measures (TAT, Institute for Personality and Ability Testing Anxiety Scale, and Iowa Scale of Attitudes Toward Stuttering) were administered before, immediately and 1 mo after treatment. R-E therapy was more efficacious than SD in reducing stuttering behavior as well as accompanying anxiety and negative attitudes toward stuttering. SD, however, did fare better than no treatment (control) in reducing speech disfluencies. The inclusion of in vivo tasks did not have consistent effects across all criterion measures but did add to both therapies in influencing attitudes toward problem speech in the desired directions. Results favor a cognitive-behavioral approach to stuttering over a traditional behavioral approach. (15 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Independent masculinity and femininity scales on the California Psychological Inventory.

Obtained California Psychological Inventory responses of 159 male and 128 female college students. A 4-fold typology of sex roles was constructed: The minimum raw scores for males high on MSC (masculinity) and FMN (femininity) were 46 and 28, respectively; for females, 33 and 35. Maximum scores for males low on MSC and FMN were 38 and 23; for females, 29 and 31. The high-masculine/low-feminine person is regarded as the most psychologically healthy of the 4 types. This view resembles the notion of androgyny, with emphasis on balance. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Creep mechanisms in beryllium

Observations of beryllium samples which have been creep tested between 922 K and 1422 K indicate that creep behavior is controlled by the relative strengths of the grain boundaries and the matrix. Since creep deformation can occur predominantly by grain boundary sliding or entirely by deformation within the grains, the creep strength was found to be controlled by the weaker of the two features. Low melting phases containing aluminum and silicon which formed along the grain boundaries acted as stress concentrations which favored localized grain boundary deformation, and recrystallization. Creep resistance was found to drop markedly when the BeO content was reduced substantially below 1 pct.     

Dehydrogenase Enzymes Associated to Glycolysis in Beef Carcasses Stored at 0 °C

After the death of an animal, cell metabolism is controlled locally. The post-mortem oxygen depletion increases the glycolytic activity and lactate production. However, many mechanisms of post-mortem metabolic regulation have not been fully investigated in beef carcasses. In this work, we studied the post-mortem glycolytic behavior (including lactate dehydrogenase) and three dehydrogenase associated to glycolysis (glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and glycerol dehydrogenase) by using cytochemistry techniques in three fast-twitch muscles (M. longissimus dorsi, M. semimembranosus, and M. cutaneus trunci) of carcasses stored at 0 °C. Our results indicate that glycolysis depends on the type of muscle. The post-mortem glycolytic flux and lactate dehydrogenase activity of M. cutaneus trunci was the lowest of the three muscles studied. Of the other dehydrogenases analyzed, only glycerophosphate and glycerol dehydrogenase showed clear cytochemical reaction. Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase was not used by muscles very much. The glycerophosphate dehydrogenase was the strongest enzymatic activity correlated to the post-mortem glycolytic flux. In addition, a relationship between glycerophosphate dehydrogenase and glycerol dehydrogenase was detected by using a multiple regression model. This phenomenon was studied by using bioinformatics tools, suggesting that glycerophosphate dehydrogenase could oxidize the glycerol in bovine fast-twitch muscles.     

Inactivation of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Hard Clams (Mercanaria mercanaria) by High Hydrostatic Pressure (HHP) and the Effect of HHP on the Physical Characteristics of Hard Clam Meat

Shellfish may internalize dangerous pathogens during filter feeding. Traditional methods of depuration have been found ineffective against certain pathogens. The objective was to explore high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) as an alternative to the traditional depuration process. The effect of HHP on the survival of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in live clams (Mercanaria mercanaria) and the impact of HHP on physical characteristics of clam meat were investigated. Clams were inoculated with up to 7 log CFU/g of a cocktail of V. parahaemolyticus strains via filter feeding. Clams were processed at pressures ranging from 250 to 552 MPa for hold times ranging between 2 and 6 min. Processing conditions of 450 MPa for 4 min and 350 MPa for 6 min reduced the initial concentration of V. parahaemolyticus to a nondetectable level (<10¹ CFU/g), achieving >5 log reductions. The volume of clam meat (processed in shell) increased with negligible change in mass after exposure to pressure at 552 MPa for 3 min, while the drip loss was reduced. Clams processed at 552 MPa were softer compared to those processed at 276 MPa. However, all HHP processed clams were found to be harder compared to unprocessed. The lightness (L*) of the meat increased although the redness (a*) decreased with increasing pressure. Although high pressure‐processed clams may pose a significantly lower risk from V. parahaemolyticus, the effect of the accompanied physical changes on the consumer's decision to purchase HHP clams remains to be determined. Practical Application : Shellfish may contain dangerous foodborne pathogens. Traditional methods of removing those pathogen have been found ineffective against certain pathogens. The objective of this research was to determine the effect of high hydrostatic pressure on V. parahaemolyticus in clams. Processing conditions of 450 MPa for 4 min and 350 MPa for 6 min reduced the initial concentration of V. parahaemolyticus to a nondetectable level, achieving >5 log reductions.