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121.
Hildrun Kretschmer Ramesh Kundra Donald deB. Beaver Theo Kretschmer 《Scientometrics》2012,93(1):135-150
The causes of gender bias favoring men in scientific and scholarly systems are complex and related to overall gender relationships in most of the countries of the world. An as yet unanswered question is whether in research publication gender bias is equally distributed over scientific disciplines and fields or if that bias reflects a closer relation to the subject matter. We expected less gender bias with respect to subject matter, and so analysed 14 journals of gender studies using several methods and indicators. The results confirm our expectation: the very high position of women in co-operation is striking; female scientists are relatively overrepresented as first authors in articles. Collaboration behaviour in gender studies differs from that of authors in PNAS. The pattern of gender studies reflects associations between authors of different productivity, or ??masters?? and ??apprentices?? but the PNAS pattern reflects associations between authors of roughly the same productivity, or ??peers??. It would be interesting to extend the analysis of these three-dimensional collaboration patterns further, to see whether a similar characterization holds, what it might imply about the patterns of authorship in different areas, what those patterns might imply about the role of collaboration, and whether there are differences between females and males in collaboration patterns. 相似文献
122.
Donald J. Responte Roman M. Natoli Kyriacos A. Athanasiou 《Journal of the Royal Society Interface》2012,9(77):3564-3573
This study determined the effects of exogenous hyaluronic acid (HA) on the biomechanical and biochemical properties of self-assembled bovine chondrocytes, and investigated biophysical and genetic mechanisms underlying these effects. The effects of HA commencement time, concentration, application duration and molecular weight were examined using histology, biomechanics and biochemistry. Additionally, the effects of HA application on sulphated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) retention were assessed. To investigate the influence of HA on gene expression, microarray analysis was conducted. HA treatment of developing neocartilage increased compressive stiffness onefold and increased sulphated GAG content by 35 per cent. These effects were dependent on HA molecular weight, concentration and application commencement time. Additionally, applying HA increased sulphated GAG retention within self-assembled neotissue. HA administration also upregulated 503 genes, including multiple genes associated with TGF-β1 signalling. Increased sulphated GAG retention indicated that HA could enhance compressive stiffness by increasing the osmotic pressure that negatively charged GAGs create. The gene expression data demonstrate that HA treatment differentially regulates genes related to TGF-β1 signalling, revealing a potential mechanism for altering matrix composition. These results illustrate the potential use of HA to improve cartilage regeneration efforts and better understand cartilage development. 相似文献
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Donald W. Seegrist 《技术计量学》2013,55(3):643-645
One method of analyzing an experimental design model is to impose side conditions on the observational equations and then to solve the “reduced” model by least squares. The author demonstrates another method, which is not widely known: augment the data with the side conditions and then solve the “augmented” model by least squares. 相似文献
126.
Hakan F. Karagul Donald P. Warsing Jr. Thom J. Hodgson Maaz S. Kapadia 《国际生产研究杂志》2013,51(23):7064-7084
We propose a novel mixed integer programming formulation for the capacitated lot-sizing problem with set-up times and set-up carryover. We compare our formulation to two earlier formulations, the Classical and Modified formulations, and a more recent formulation due to Suerie and Stadtler. Extensive computational experiments show that our formulation consistently outperforms the Classical and Modified formulations in terms of CPU time and solution quality. It is competitive with the Suerie–Stadtler (S&S) formulation, but outperforms all other formulations on the most challenging instances, those with low-capacity slack and a dense jobs matrix. We show that some of the differences in the performance of these various formulations arise from their different use of binary variables to represent production or set-up states. We also show that the LP relaxation of our Novel formulation provides a tighter lower bound than that of the Modified formulation. Our experiments demonstrate that, while the S&S formulation provides a much tighter LP bound, the Novel formulation is better able to exploit the intelligence of the CPLEX solution engine. 相似文献
127.
Organic-inorganic materials comprising CO2-philic components may yield superior CO2 transport properties and good CO2/H2 gas selectivity. We report that a fine balance in size heterogeneity in the silicon-based structures is essential and a mixture of sizes up to 50 nm surrounded by 5–15 nm silicon-based nanostructures is the preferred inorganic phase morphology that yields optimal nanohybrid membranes. The combination of optimal synthesis conditions i.e. water/silicon ratio, condensation and ozone pre-treatment durations yields a nanohybrid membrane with a CO2 permeability of 2000 Barrer while achieving a CO2/H2 selectivity of 11. The findings of this work are important for the design of gas separation membranes using green materials. 相似文献
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129.
Thomas J. Bajzek Ronald Pape Donald E. Duvall 《Journal of Failure Analysis and Prevention》2012,12(4):341-347
Lint, which is a normal by-product of the laundering of clothing, is known to introduce a fire hazard and/or contribute to the fuel load in residential fires. Failure analysis of clothes dryers therefore requires an understanding of how dryer lint behaves at elevated temperatures and how the physical condition of lint can be interpreted when testing for potential failure modes. The purpose of this research is to characterize the behavior of dryer lint at elevated temperatures, including its thermal degradation and ignition. 相似文献
130.
M. Berkan Sesen Michael D. Peake Rene Banares-Alcantara Donald Tse Timor Kadir Roz Stanley Fergus Gleeson Michael Brady 《Journal of the Royal Society Interface》2014,11(98)
Multidisciplinary team (MDT) meetings are becoming the model of care for cancer patients worldwide. While MDTs have improved the quality of cancer care, the meetings impose substantial time pressure on the members, who generally attend several such MDTs. We describe Lung Cancer Assistant (LCA), a clinical decision support (CDS) prototype designed to assist the experts in the treatment selection decisions in the lung cancer MDTs. A novel feature of LCA is its ability to provide rule-based and probabilistic decision support within a single platform. The guideline-based CDS is based on clinical guideline rules, while the probabilistic CDS is based on a Bayesian network trained on the English Lung Cancer Audit Database (LUCADA). We assess rule-based and probabilistic recommendations based on their concordances with the treatments recorded in LUCADA. Our results reveal that the guideline rule-based recommendations perform well in simulating the recorded treatments with exact and partial concordance rates of 0.57 and 0.79, respectively. On the other hand, the exact and partial concordance rates achieved with probabilistic results are relatively poorer with 0.27 and 0.76. However, probabilistic decision support fulfils a complementary role in providing accurate survival estimations. Compared to recorded treatments, both CDS approaches promote higher resection rates and multimodality treatments. 相似文献