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81.
In this work it is presented a study on the residence time distribution (RTD) of particles in a co-current pilot-plant spray dryer operated with a rotary atomization system. A nuclear technique is applied to investigate the RTD responses of spray dryers. The methodology is based on the injection of a radioisotope tracer in the feed stream followed by the monitoring of its concentration at the outlet stream. The experiments were performed during the drying of aqueous suspensions of gadolinium oxide. The RTD responses obtained experimentally presented good reproducibility, indicating that the technique applied is well suited to investigating fluid-dynamics of spray dryers. In addition to the experimental investigation, a mathematical model was used to describe the RTD experimental curves. 相似文献
82.
J. B. Quinn G. E. Schumacher L. W. Schultheis 《Journal of Failure Analysis and Prevention》2004,4(1):41-46
Several days after heart surgery, a patient discovered his upper right canine tooth had broken at the root. Such tooth damage,
recognized post-operatively, is usually assumed to be caused by blunt mechanical force from an instrument used by the anesthesiologist
during placement of a breathing tube at the start of surgery.
In this case, the patient had saved the crown portion of the broken tooth, and it was possible to examine the root fracture
characteristics. The curvature and direction of the crack path and natural tooth situation suggested that failure could be
described through a cantilever beam model. This was confirmed when a whole extracted sample tooth was embedded and broken
by a measured force in a manner consistent with the model. The resulting fracture surface matched that of the patient’s broken
canine tooth. However, the high load and force direction necessary to fracture the root was inconsistent with forces applied
during the anesthesia procedure. The failure analysis and further investigation indicated tooth clenching on the breathing
tube during recovery was the likely cause of fracture.
This paper presents an alternate explanation for intubation-related dental injury, demonstrates the practicality of fractographic
analysis of biological materials, and introduces a methodology for simulating in vitro tooth settings for mechanical testing. 相似文献
83.
Mathematical models of thermomechanical processes which are based on the laws of rational thermodynamics of irreversible processes are treated. Singular features of the unsteady-state behavior of a continuous medium are demonstrated within different models, such as a medium with internal parameters of state, a medium with memory, and a medium of the velocity type. 相似文献
84.
M. Riad Manaa Laurence E. Fried Evan J. Reed 《Journal of Computer-Aided Materials Design》2003,10(2):75-97
In this article, we review recent atomistic computational techniques to study the electronic structure aspects and chemistry
of energetic materials at high-pressure and/or high temperature. While several mechanisms have been proposed for the initial
events of energetic materials at high-pressure, we explore the validity of a proposed shear-induced local metallization via
molecular bond bending in the insensitive explosive TATB. We study the effect of high-stress (both uniform and uniaxial) on
the electronic energy band-gap and the first chemical event of a prototypical energetic material, that of nitromethane. We
also determine chemical reactions rate laws and decomposition mechanisms from a quantum-based molecular dynamics simulation
of HMX, a widely used explosive material, at conditions of high density and temperature similar to that encounter under detonation.
Finally, we review a new multi-scale computational tool recently developed to model the shock-induced chemistry of energetic
materials at the atomistic level, and report its applicability to shocked solid nitromethane.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
85.
A fundamental problem for regulatory networks is to understand the relation between form and function: to uncover the underlying design principles of the network. Circadian clocks present a particularly interesting instance, as recent work has shown that they have complex structures involving multiple interconnected feedback loops with both positive and negative feedback. While several authors have speculated on the reasons for this, a convincing explanation is still lacking.We analyse both the flexibility of clock networks and the relationships between various desirable properties such as robust entrainment, temperature compensation, and stability to environmental variations and parameter fluctuations. We use this to argue that the complexity provides the flexibility necessary to simultaneously attain multiple key properties of circadian clocks. As part of our analysis we show how to quantify the key evolutionary aims using infinitesimal response curves, a tool that we believe will be of general utility in the analysis of regulatory networks. Our results suggest that regulatory and signalling networks might be much less flexible and of lower dimension than their apparent complexity would suggest. 相似文献
86.
Demiguel S. Giraudet L. Joulaud L. Decobert J. Blache F. Coupe V. Jorge F. Pagnod-Rossiaux P. Boucherez E. Achouche M. Devaux F. 《Lightwave Technology, Journal of》2002,20(12):2004-2014
The design, fabrication, and performance of double-stage taper photodiodes (DSTPs) are reported. The objective of this work is to develop devices compatible with 40-Gb/s applications. Such devices require high efficiency, ultrawide band, high optical power handling capability, and compatibility with low-cost module fabrication. The integration of mode size converters improves both the coupling efficiency and the responsivity with a large fiber mode diameter. Responsivity of 0.6 A/W and 0.45 A/W are achieved with a 6-/spl mu/m fiber mode diameter and cleaved fiber, respectively, providing relaxed alignment tolerances (/spl plusmn/1.6 /spl mu/m and /spl plusmn/2 /spl mu/m, respectively), compatible with cost-effective packaging techniques. DSTPs also offer a wide bandwidth greater than 40 GHz and transverse-electric/transverse-magnetic polarization dependence lower than 0.2 dB. Furthermore, a DSTP saturation current as high as 11 mA results in optical power handling greater than +10 dBm and a high output voltage of 0.8 V. These capabilities allow the photodiode to drive the decision circuit without the need of a broad-band electrical amplifier. The DSTP devices presented here demonstrate higher responsivities with large fiber mode diameter and better optical power handling capabilities and are compared with classical side-illuminated photodiodes. 相似文献
87.
Passaro V.M.N. Armenise M.N. Nesheva D. Savatinova I.T. Pun E.Y.B. 《Lightwave Technology, Journal of》2002,20(1):71-77
Proton-exchanged planar waveguides have been fabricated on Z-cut and X-cut lithium niobate crystals by using a new proton source formed by a mixture of benzoic and adipic acids. Waveguide index profiles and optical characteristics have been obtained at different values of the adipic-benzoic acid concentration ratio. The samples have been structurally characterized by Raman and infrared (IR) absorption spectroscopy and double-crystal X-ray diffraction. Good quality samples have been fabricated by using 30 mol% ratio dilution, showing very low scattering levels (<0.1 dB/cm), relatively high electrooptic coefficient (r33=0.88 pm/V), and low relative percentage of interstitial protons (26%). The main factor limiting the waveguide optical properties is the substitutional-interstitial proton ratio, which can be easily controlled to produce good quality waveguides. A demonstration of the repeatability of the exchange process in the acid mixture is also provided 相似文献
88.
A spacecraft in a plasma builds up charge on all the dielectric surfaces and interfaces. Once the net charge exceeds the dielectric breakdown of the material, a discharge occurs. One of the more susceptible pieces of equipment is the antenna/receiver system. The radiated E-field may be strong enough to create an ambiguous signal which may be misinterpreted by the system electronics and cause a system malfunction. A technique is developed to monitor the radiated E-field of materials discharging in an electron environment, using vacuum chambers for measuring the material discharges which are made of highly reflective materials. These chambers affect the radiated E-field due to multiple reflections from the walls. The technique developed defines a method for correcting the effects caused by the measurement facilities. The methodology is: monitor the radiated E-field with a broadband dipole antenna, and digitize the radiated signal as a function of time. Determine the frequency response of the radiated E-field using an FFT algorithm. Measure the transmission and reflection characteristics of the two-port network inside the measurement chamber, and determine the impedance network from the measured E-parameters across the frequency band of interest. Transform the measured E-field frequency response through the impedance network to obtain the frequency response of the actual radiated discharge current. Find the inverse FFT of this response to obtain the actual radiated discharge current response. This technique aids in the prediction of the E-field coupling into receive antennas on-board actual satellites 相似文献
89.
90.
S V Bhat 《Bulletin of Materials Science》1994,17(7):1271-1285
When examined using continuous wave electron paramagnetic resonance and nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometers, the highT
c superconductors give rise to intense, low field, ‘non-resonant’ absorption signals in the superconducting state. This phenomenon
can be used as a highly sensitive, contactless technique for the detection and characterization of superconductivity even
in samples containing only minute amounts of the superconducting phase. Further, it can also be applied to the determination
of material parameters of interest such asJ
c andH
c2 in addition to being a powerful way of distinguishing between weak-link superconductivity and bulk superconductivity. The
details of these aspects are discussed. 相似文献