MIXED GROUP VALIDATION: A CRITIQUE.

AN EXAMPLE IS PRESENTED DEMONSTRATING THAT MIXED GROUP VALIDATION CAN LEAD TO RESULTS THAT ARE MATHEMATICALLY INCONSISTENT. IT IS SUGGESTED THAT THE METHOD NOT BE APPLIED INDISCRIMINATELY IN ITS PRESENT FORM. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Effective Thermal Conductivity for Heat Transfer Through Semitransparent Solids

The steady-state effective thermal conductivity of fused quartz was examined analytically and experimentally for two classes of boundary conditions. These results are compared with several effective conductivity models which have been suggested for semitransparent solids. Mean effective conductivity results illustrate the effect of sample thickness, temperature, and boundary conditions as well as serving to evaluate the     

EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENRICHMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL DEPRIVATION ON COGNITIVE FUNCTIONING IN INSTITUTIONALIZED RETARDATES.

2 GROUPS OF RETARDATES WERE MATCHED FOR INTELLECTUAL FUNCTIONING AND CA AT THE TIME OF INSTITUTIONALIZATION. THE ENVIRONMENTAL ENRICHMENT (E) GROUP WAS ENROLLED IN SPECIAL EDUCATION CLASSES; THE ENVIRONMENTAL DEPRIVATION (D) GROUP WAS NOT. AFTER 4 YR. OF THESE TREATMENTS, GROUP DIFFERENCES IN COGNITIVE FUNCTIONING WERE ATTRIBUTABLE TO IMPAIRMENTS IN GROUP D RATHER THAN INCREMENTS IN GROUP E; INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN COGNITIVE FUNCTIONING WITHIN THESE GROUPS WERE ATTRIBUTABLE TO INITIAL INTELLIGENCE LEVEL, DIAGNOSIS, AND AMOUNT OF PARENTAL CONTACT. IN THE ABSENCE OF SPECIAL EDUCATIONAL TREATMENT, DECREMENTS IN RETARDATE COGNITIVE FUNCTIONING WERE PROPORTIONAL TO LENGTH OF INSTITUTIONALIZATION. THESE RESULTS WERE INTERPRETED AS REFLECTING THE INTERPLAY OF LEARNING, SOCIAL, AND MOTIVATIONAL FACTORS IN INFLUENCING RETARDATE COGNITION. (17 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

CONCURRENT DETECTION OF ESCHERICHIA COLI O157:H7 AND SALMONELLA FROM A SINGLE ENRICHMENT IN 24 H

The objective of this study was to determine if a single assay protocol could result in the concurrent detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella from a single sample grown in a single enrichment in 24 h. Twenty-five and 375 g of ground beef nonfat dry milk, and dry pet food samples were seeded with low (10 cfu/sample) and high (100 cfu/sample) levels ofE. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella cultures and incubated at 35 and 41C for 18 h for nonselective preenrichment. Incubated samples were analyzed by immunomagnetic separation (IMS) following a 6 h incubation for selective enrichment at 37C using M-broth and enzyme linked immumosorbent assay (ELISA). Depending on the food samples and the inoculation level, the minimum concurrent detection level of E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella was <1 cfu/g in the samples at the competitor flora level of 10⁵ cfu/g or less in ground beef samples, but in other cases of higher competitor loads and low target inoculations E. coli O157:H7 could not be detected in the presence of the Salmonella.     

THE INFLUENCE OF ADDITION OF DEFATTED BLACKCURRANT SEEDS ON PRO‐HEALTH CONSTITUENTS AND TEXTURE OF CEREAL EXTRUDATES

ABSTRACT

Extrudates used in the study were prepared on the base of cornmeal (100%) – control, which was in 10, 30 and 50% replaced by defatted seeds of blackcurrant, which were a by‐product of supercritical fluid extraction, used for oil production. The aim of the study was to check the influence of the level of defatted blackcurrant seeds, on texture and chemical composition of the obtained extrudates. Special attention was paid to pro‐health constituents, i.e., dietary fiber, polyphenols, flavonoids and anthocyanins. The addition of defatted seeds resulted in an increase of polyphenol content, and antioxidant activity, and the rise in the level of flavonoids and soluble dietary fiber as compared with control. The enrichment of extrudates in pro‐health components, as well as improvement of sensory score, suggests that 10% addition of defatted blackcurrant seeds is a suitable level for preparation of extruded fruit‐cereal snacks.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

The study demonstrates that defatted blackcurrant seeds could be a good, natural source of bioactive components in cereal snacks produced by extrusion. The suggested level of this component, optimal from sensory and dietary point of view, is 10%.

     

Computer Simulation on Onboard Chilling and Freezing of Albacore Tuna

We extended the application of a commercial finite-element computer program package, PDEase, to the simulation of chilling and freezing of albacore tuna. Tuna was described as an infinite elliptical cylinder, where nonuniform boundary conditions present complications in computer simulation. Equations were developed to define the elliptical boundary. Temperature-dependent thermal properties and time-dependent ambient temperature conditions were used. Onboard experiments were conducted to measure the core temperature of individual tuna in slush ice tanks and in air-blast and brine-spray freezing systems. Measured time-temperature profiles were compared with those of the simulation. Predicted chilling and freezing curves agreed with experiments ±3 to 6%. This program enables testing of important fish industry operation strategies.