Effects of assigned goal level and knowledge of results on arithmetic computation: A laboratory study.

Examined the effects of knowledge of results (KR) and assigned goals on arithmetic computation. 100 female university students either received or did not receive explicit KR while under an easy or challenging goal assignment. 50 controls received neither KR nor goal assignment. Ss receiving KR under challenging goal assignments significantly increased their computational speed at no apparent cost in accuracy. These findings are congruent with the findings of M. Erez (1977). With the minimizing of implicit KR in the no-KR groups in the present study, challenging goal assignment in itself had no noticeable effect on computational speed and led to a significant increase in errors. It is suggested that feedback may be a necessary complement to assigned goals in facilitating performance. (18 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Tracing atmospheric nitrate deposition in a complex semiarid ecosystem using delta17O

The isotopic composition of nitrate collected from aerosols, fog, and precipitation was measured and found to have a large 17O anomaly with delta17O values ranging from 20 percent per thousand to 30% percent per thousand (delta17O = delta17O - 0.52(delta18O)). This 17O anomaly was used to trace atmospheric deposition of nitrate to a semiarid ecosystem in southern California. We demonstrate that the delta17O signal is a conserved tracer of atmospheric nitrate deposition and is a more robust indicator of N deposition relative to standard delta18O techniques. The data indicate that a substantial portion of nitrate found in the local soil, stream, and groundwater is of atmospheric origin and does not undergo biologic processing before being exported from the system.     

Über die Nitril-Carboxamid-Umlagerung und die Heterocyclenbildung aus 2-Cyancyclohexenylharnstoff

The Nitrile Carboxamide Rearrangement and the Formation of Heterocycles via Cyano-cyclohexenyl-urea Anthranilic amide and cyanogen bromide form Cyano-phenyl-urea ( 7 ) via Nitrile Carboxamide Rearrangement. Cyclisation of cyano-cyclohexenyl-urea ( 4 ) yields 4-amino-2,3,5,6,7,8-hexahydroquinazolin-2-one ( 10 ). 4 and amines form N-cyano-cyclohexenyl-N'-alkyl-ureas ( 11a–e ) or 3-alkyl-4-amino-hexahydroquinazolin-2-ones ( 12a–g ). 4 and α-aminoacids yield octahydro-imidazolo-quinazolindiones ( 14a–b ). Oxo-cyclohexane-2-carboxamide ( 1 ) and amino benzimidazole form hexahydrobenzimidazo-quinazolinone 17 .     

Bildung von Azoolefinen durch Umsetzung von Hydrazinen mit Amino-hydroxy-hydrobenzoxazol

About the Reaction between Hydrazines and Aminohydroxy-hydrobenzoxazol. Synthesis of Azoolefines By the reaction of 1-hydroxy-2-oxocyclohexane-carboxamide ( 1 ) with cyanamide 2-amino-7a-carbamoyl-3a-hydroxy-3a,4a,5,6,7,7a-hexahydrobenzoxazole ( 2 ) is formed. Compound 2 and arylhydrazine-hydrochloride yield 1-carbamoyl-2-arylazocyclohex-1-ene ( 4a , b ). In morpholine azocompounds 4a , b rearrange to hydrazones 5a , b . Compound 2 and hydrazine yield 4-(2-carbamoyl-cyclohexyl)-semicarbazide ( 10 ), 10 forms perhydroquinazoline-2,4-dione ( 11 ) by oxidation with iodine. 2 and cyanic acid yield the urea derivative 12 . 2 and arylamine-hydrochloride afford the 2-arylamino-3a-hydroxy-7a-carbamoyl-hexahydrobenzoxazoles 13a , b . By fragmentation and “Dimroth-rearrangement” of 2 tetrahydrobenzoimidazolone, ( 14 ) is formed, 12 gives 1-carbamoyl-tetrahydrobenzoimidazolone ( 15 ). 2 and m-nitrobenzaldehyde yield “Schiff-base” 16 . 2 and hydroxylamine sulphate form 2′-amino-2-hydroximino-cyclohexane-spiro-5′-oxazolin-4′-one ( 18 ) 18 and phenylhydrazine hydrochloride yield 1-phenylazo-2-ureido-carboxy-cyclohex-1-ene ( 19 ).     

Feinstruktur und Hyperfeinstruktur von klinisch verwendeter Hydroxyethylstärke

Fine Structure and Hyperfine Structure of Clinically Applied Hydroxyethyl Starch. The Mark-Houwink-relationships for different samples of clinically used hydroxyethyl starches were established by multi-detection HPGPC. In combination with the degree of branching, the degrees of substitution DS and the molar substitution MS for the different molecular regions were measured by gas chromatographic methylation analysis. Within the molecular regions of non reducing anhydroglucose units, branching units and linear units we found characteristic differences. For hydroxyethyl starches which were prepared from enzymatically hydrolyzed waxy maize starch by α-Amylase, we found a significantly higher degree of branching than for samples prepared by acid hydrolysis. The clinical relevance of these results is discussed.     

Zur Bromierung des Cyclohexanon-2-carbonsäureamids

The Bromination of Cyclohexanone-2-carboxamide Cyclohexanone-2-carboxamide with bromine forms 6-bromo-cyclohexanone-2-carboxamide ( 2 ) or 2-bromo-cyclohexanone-2-carboxamide ( 3 ). Via Faworski-rearrangement the reaction of 2 and ammonia or amines gives trans-cyclopentanedicarboxamides ( 5a – f ). 3 and thiourea form the aminothiazole derivative 6 . Pyridinium salt 7 is formed by reaction of 2 and pyridine. 7 and phenylhydrazine form the phenyl-indazolonoyl-hydrazine 8. 1 and sodiumhypochlorite yield 2-hydroxy-cyclohexanone-2-carboxamide ( 9 ).