Bioconversion of n−3 and n−6 PUFA by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Clavibacter</Emphasis> sp. ALA2

Clavibacter sp. ALA2 oxidized n−3 and n−6 PUFA into a variety of oxylipins. Structures of products converted from EPA and DHA were determined as 15,18-dihydroxy-14,17-epoxy-5(Z),8(Z),11(Z)-eicosatrienoic acid and 17,20-dihydroxy-16,19-epoxy-4(Z),7(Z),10(Z),13(Z)-docosatetraenoic acid by GC-MS and NMR analyses. In contrast, γ-linolenic acid and arachidonic acid were converted to diepoxy bicyclic FA, tetrahydrofuranyl monohydroxy FA, and trihydroxy FA. Thus, the structures of bioconversion products were different between n−3 and n−6 PUFA. Furthermore, strain ALA2 placed hydroxy groups and cyclic structures at the same position from the ω-terminal despite the number of carbons in the chain and the double bonds in the PUFA.     

Synthesis of TiO2/CdS nanocomposite via TiO2 coating on CdS nanoparticles by compartmentalized hydrolysis of Ti alkoxide

Hydrolysis of Ti alkoxide in the presence of inverse micelles containing CdS nanoparticles in their hydrophilic interior results in formation of TiO₂/CdS nanocomposites in which the CdS nanoparticles are embedded in a TiO₂ matrix with a thickness of 10 nm at the surface of the particles. The primary hydroxyl groups introduced by 2-mercaptoethanol as a capping agent used for preparation of the CdS nanoparticles are considered to play an important role for successful adhesion and growth of the TiO₂ layer on the CdS surfaces. TEM observation strongly supports formation of semiconductor-in-semiconductor heteronanostructure by compartmentalized hydrolysis of Ti alkoxide within the inverse micelles in which the surface-capped CdS nanoparticles coexist.     

Structure and Bonding in Some Gd（Ⅲ） Metal Complexes Studied by Three-Dimensional X-Ray Analysis and ^155Gd Mossbauer Spectroscopy

Some functional lanthanide metal complexes, such as acetylacetonato complexes, ethylenediaminetetraacetato complexes, were successfully applied for diagnostic technique. The authors are interested in investigating the structure and bonding in lanthanide and actinide metal complexes using 166Er, t55Gd, and 237Np Mtissbauer spectroscopies in connection with single-crystal and/or powder X-ray diffraction, making clear the differences on their structures as well as the differences in the participation of 4f and 5f orbitals in the chemical bonds. In this article, the crystal structures of two novel Gd（Ⅲ） acetylacetonato complexes, Gd（pta）3 · 2H2O （pta = 1,1,1 -trifluoro-5,5-dimethy 1-2,4-hexanedione） and Gd（bfa）3 · 2H2O （bfa = 1, 1, 1 -trifluoro-4-phenyl-2-4-butanedione） were reported. Though both of them were dihydrate and had distorted square antiprismatical structure, Gd（pta）3 · 2H2O crystallizes in the P 2 1/n （#14） monoclinic space group and its lattice parameters are a = 1.4141（6） nm, b = 1.0708（3） nm, c =2.2344（4） nm, β =952.4（2）°, and Gd（bfa）3· 2H2O crystallizes in P 212121 orthorhombic space group and its lattice parameters were a = 1.322 （1） nm, b = 2.295 （1） nm, c = 1. 0786（8） nm. In the meantime, the authors had finished a systematic investigation on the ^155Gd Mossbauer isomer shift （δ） of various Gd（Ⅲ） metal complexes having a different coordination number （C.N.） and different ratios coordinating oxygen to nitrogen. A tendency for the 6 value to decrease with an increase in the C.N, and the number of the nitrogen atom coordinating to Gd was confirmed. This indicated that the Gd-O and/or Gd-N bond in the investigated Gd（Ⅲ） metal complexes had a small covalent contribution, which was possible to be deduced from the O and/or N atoms of the lisands donating electrons to 6s, 5d, and 4f orbitals of Gd.     

Real-time exploration of a multi-robot rescue system in disaster areas

A system procedure is proposed for a multi-robot rescue system that performs real-time exploration over disaster areas. Real-time exploration means that every robot exploring the area always has a communication path to human operators standing by at a base station and that the communication path is configured by ad hoc wireless networking. Real-time exploration is essential in multi-robot systems for USAR (urban search and rescue) because operators must communicate with every robot to support the victim detection process and ad hoc networking is suitable to configure a communication path among obstacles. The proposed system procedure consists of the autonomous classification of robots into search and relay types and behavior algorithms for each class of robot. Search robots explore the areas and relay robots act as relay terminals between search robots and the base station. The rule of the classification and the behavior algorithm refer to the forwarding table of each robot constructed for ad hoc networking. The table construction is based on DSDV (destination-sequenced distance vector) routing that informs each robot of its topological position in the network and other essentials. Computer simulations are executed with a specific exploration strategy of search robots. The results show that a multi-robot rescue system can perform real-time exploration with the proposed system procedure and reduce exploration time in comparison with the case where the proposed scheme is not adopted.     

Density estimation with minimization of U-divergence

This paper is concerned with density estimation based on the stagewise minimization of the U-divergence. The U-divergence is a general divergence measure involving a convex function U which includes the Kullback-Leibler divergence and the L ₂ norm as special cases. The algorithm to yield the density estimator is closely related to the boosting algorithm and it is shown that the usual kernel density estimator can also be seen as a special case of the proposed estimator. Non-asymptotic error bounds of the proposed estimators are developed and numerical experiments show that the proposed estimators often perform better than several existing methods for density estimation.     

Studies on the method of combining an analog simulator and a real‐time digital simulator for power system analysis

An advanced real‐time power system simulator consisting of a conventional real‐time analog simulator and a real‐time digital simulator has been developed. EMTP simulations were carried out to verify the advanced power system simulator concept and to evaluate the effects of various parameters. A prototype of the advanced power system simulator using the Bergeron method was tested. The test results confirmed the feasibility of the real‐time power system simulator. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 136(3): 49–57, 2001     

Microanalyses on the RuO2 Particle–Glass Matrix Interface in Thick-Film Resistors with Piezoresistive Effects

The piezoresistive mechanisms of composite thick films based on RuO₂ particles and both calcium-borosilicate and bismuth-borosilicate glass matrices were investigated by chemical and electrical microanalyses. The resistor based on bismuth-borosilicate glass showed higher sensitivity than that based on calcium-borosilicate glass. It was confirmed that the diffusion of ruthenium into glass affects the binding state of RuO₂ at the interface of the glass. Furthermore, an intermediate resistive layer is detected around the RuO₂ particle. These results suggest that the piezoresistive effect is related to a change in the electrical conductivity of the interfacial reaction layer caused by the diffusion of ruthenium into glass.     

A Novel Bonding Method of Pure Aluminum and SUS304 Stainless Steel Using Barrel Nitriding

A great deal of research is being carried out on welding or bonding methods between iron and aluminum. However, it is not so easy to make Fe-Al bonding materials with both high strength and light weight. Recently, a new nitriding process has been proposed to produce aluminum nitride on an aluminum surface using a barrel. This study proposes a new concept in the production of a multilayer which has an AlN and Fe-Al intermetallic compound layer between the aluminum and steel using a barrel nitriding process. The bonding process was carried out from 893 K to 913 K (620 °C to 640 °C) for 18, 25.2, and 36 ks with Al₂O₃ powder and Al-Mg alloy powder. After the process, an aluminum nitride (AlN) layer and a Fe-Al intermetallic compound (Fe₂Al_5.4) layer were formed at the interface between the pure aluminum and SUS304 austenitic stainless steel. The thicknesses of the AlN layer and the intermetallic compound layer increased with increasing treatment temperature and time. The maximum hardnesses of the AlN layer and Fe₂Al_5.4 layers were found to be 377HV and 910HV, respectively, after barrel nitriding at 893 K (620 °C) for 18 ks.     

Bending electrostriction in polyurethane films doped with electron acceptors

The effect of electron acceptors as dopants on the bending electrostriction of polyurethane (PU) films was studied. The PU films (ca 0.3 mm thick) doped with 0.5 wt% 7,7,8,8‐tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) were bent by application of a 1 MV m^?1 electric field. The bending deformation of the TCNQ‐doped film was more than 30 times greater than that of the undoped film. The current and the charge distribution in the films during the application of the field were also measured. Based on these measurements, the mechanism of the doping effect is discussed. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

Cooking up an interactive olfactory game display.

It's long been possible to give users outside an actual environment that environment's visual and auditory information and thus contribute to establishing presence. However, we've yet to establish much presence when users require olfactory information - such as in environments focused on foods, flowers, perfumes, or, in some cases, more offensive smells. Recently, several VR researchers have become interested in olfaction and olfactory displays that present smells in virtual environments (VEs). In this article, we describe our interactive olfactory display. One of our development goals is to confirm the assumption that users' interactions with the system increases presence. Thus, we used our interactive olfactory display to develop a cooking game in collaboration with electronic engineers and artists.