Nonsanction seat belt law enforcement: a modern day tale of two cities

This paper describes the implementation and evaluation of a nonsanction seat belt law enforcement program in two experimental communities of contrasting size in a state with a mandatory belt law. The main ingredients of the program were seat belt "salutes," public information and education, and limited use of inexpensive economic incentives. Driver shoulder belt use data collected before, during, and after the experimental programs, compared to similar data collected in a comparison community, showed the approach to be effective. While standard seat belt enforcement activities without incentives have been shown to be effective, many police departments, especially in smaller communities, are reluctant to make wholesale increases in seat belt citations. Although requiring some additional level of manpower and resources, a nonsanction approach to seat belt law enforcement can provide an alternate way of increasing belt use in these communities.     

Pseudo-tandem stenosis of the internal carotid artery

Two cases of pseudo-tandem stenosis of the internal carotid artery are presented. Proximal stenosis was produced by a large, focal atherosclerotic plaque. The severe intracranial "stenosis" was thought to be an angiographic artifact. Repeat cerebral angiography after carotid endarterectomy revealed normal intracranial arteries. The recognition of this entity is important because a decision to operate is based largely upon angiographic findings.     

Value of bone marrow biopsy in the diagnosis of amyloidosis

Amyloid involvement of the bone marrow is not commonly diagnosed before necropsy. Paraffin sections of the trephine bone biopsy specimen are superior to marrow aspiration cell smears for the antemortem diagnosis. Thirteen cases of amyloidosis were diagnosed from the bone biopsy specimen during a ten-year period. Amyloid was detected in only two of the corresponding aspirates. Three morphologic patterns of marrow involvement were found: vascular, focal extravascular/perivascular, and diffuse. Five (38%) of the cases were associated with multiple myeloma. An abnormal immunoglobulin was detected in the serum or urine or both in ten of 11 cases when determined. Although the bone marrow may not be the best site for the diagnosis of amyloidosis, it should not be neglected and marrow biopsies taken for other diagnostic reasons may "incidentally" reveal amyloid. Amyloidosis should be included in the list of non-primary hematologic conditions of the bone marrow in which the trephine biopsy may prove useful for diagnosis.     

Fungal products. Part XVII. Microbiological hydroxylation of gibberellin A9 and its methyl ester

Angiotensin II (A II) and analogues were tested for their ability to restore electrical and mechanical activity to cardiac muscle preparations in which the fast Na+ channels had been inactivated by partial depolarization (22-27 mM K+) or by tetrodotoxin (TTX). The partially depolarized or TTX-blocked preparations were chosen because under these conditions electrical and mechanical responses are primarily Ca2+ -dependent. In depolarized rabbit right atria, A II restored spontaneous mechanical and electrical activity (measured by both intracellular and extracellular recording techniques). The frequency of action potential discharge was concentration-dependent; the threshold concentration of A II was 10(-10) M, the ED50 was 8 X 10(-9) M, and the maximum effect was observed at 5 X 10(-8) M. In contrast, depolarized guinea pig atria were insensitive to A II, Sar1-angiotensin II, and des-Asp1-angiotensin II, even at concentrations as high as 10(-5) M. Rabbit papillary muscle (TTX-blocked), embryonic (18-day) chick heart (partially depolarized) and chick heart reaggregates (TTX-blocked) responded similarly to rabbit atria in that A II (9.6 X 10(-7) M) restored both electrical and mechanical activity. We found that in these preparations the action of A II was unaffected by propranolol (5.0 X 10(-6) M to 5.0 X 10(-5) M) but was blocked by Mn2+ (10(-3) M), D-600 (1 X 10(-7) g/ml) and the specific A II antagonists Sar1-Ala8-angiotensin II (P-113) (5.0 X 10(-5) M) and Sar1-Ile8-angiotensin II (5.28 X 10(-5) M). We conclude that the positive inotropic effect of A II on the myocardium is due to its ability to increase transmembrane ion movements in or through the cell membrane. The ability of Mn2+ and D-600 to block this effect suggests that this ion movement is via the so-called "slow channels."     

Location of nucleolar organizing regions on the chromosomes of the Syrian hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) and the Djungarian hamster (Phodopus sungorus)

Terminal chromosome associations ("satellite associations") in ASG-banded preparations have been used to determine the number and location of staellites in the Syrian hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) and the Djungarian hamster (Phodopus sungorus). Five pairs of satellites are found in the former and four in the latter. Nucleolar organizing regions (NORs) were visualized with the Ag-AS silver precipitation technique, and their number and position corresponded exactly with the number and position of satellites in Phodopus, where positive chromosome identification can be made in the absence of banding. Numerical agreement is exact in Mesocricetus as well, and the morphology of the silver-tagged NOR-bearing chromosomes strongly suggests that corrrespondence also occurs in this species.     

URBAN POLICY,PRESS, AND PLACE: CITY‐MAKING IN FLORIDA'S MIAMI‐DADE COUNTY

This article enhances the notion of city‐making by explicating its communicative processes and functions within the press. Through a quantitative content analysis and qualitative textual analysis of Miami Herald news coverage related to incorporation and annexation policies and practices over a period of 3 years, we argue for a stronger implication of the press in coverage of local policy‐ and place‐making. Through a quantitative content analysis of 437 articles from the Miami Herald about communities affected by incorporation and annexation and a qualitative textual analysis of 51 articles related to general coverage of geographic policy‐making in Miami‐Dade County over a 3‐year period, we argue that this coverage reveals the press as being a central feature and function of policy‐making through the lens of city‐making.     

Error diffusion in cell-oriented Fourier-transform computer-generated holograms to compensate for printing constraints

Abstract

Error-diffused quantization has been applied to the generation of cell-oriented computer-generated Fourier transform holograms, resulting in reduced reconstruction errors. Improvements are demonstrated when applied to the algorithms of Lohmann, Lee and Burckhardt after invoking realistic constraints on the minimum size of the printable spot for an electrophotographic laser printer.     

Phase Equilibria in the System CaF2-AlF3-Na3AlF6 and Part of the System CaF2-AlF3-Na3AlF6-Al2O3

The complete phase-equilibrium diagram of the system CaF₂-AlF₃-Na₃AlF₆ and the subsolidus portion of the system CaF₂-AlF₃-Na₃AlF₆-Al₂O₃ were established from microscopic, powder X-ray diffraction, quench, and DTA data obtained from samples encapsulated in sealed tubes and either reacted in the solid state or melted and recrystallized. The system Na₃AlF₆-CaF₂ contains a simple eutectic with no compound formation or solid solution. The system CaF₂-AlF₃-Na₃AlF₆ contains two ternary compounds, NaCaAlF₆ and NaCaAl₂F₉, which melt incongruently at 735° and 712°C, respectively; NaCaAlF₆ exists in three polymorphic forms with transitions at 610° and 722°C and NaCaAl₂F₉ is body-centered cubic with a₀= 10.765 Å. The three binary and two ternary compounds divide the system into eight compatibility triangles. Along the NaCaAlF₆-Na₃AlF₆ join, 7 mol% NaCaAlF₆ is soluble in α-cryolite at 525° and 42% in β-cryolite at 731°C. The quaternary system Na₃AlF₆-AlF₃-CaF₂-Al₂O₃ contains eight compatibility tetrahedra.     

AN ANALYSIS OF PHASE DISTRIBUTION AND TURBULENCE IN DISPERSED PARTICLE/LIQUID FLOWS

An analysis of dilute, turbulent particle/liquid two-phase flow is presented. The three-dimensional conservation equations that govern turbulent motion in solid/fluid flows are derived using ensemble averaging, and the unknown terms in these equations are constituted to achieve closure. These closure terms include the shear stress due to interparticle collisions, the corresponding terms in the Reynolds stress equation, the force and dissipation due to particle-wall collisions, and the interfacial work due to particle/turbulent eddy interaction. The resultant two-fluid model was then evaluated using a computational fluid dynamic (CFD) solver and the predictions were compared with experimental data. Good agreement was observed for a variety of flow conditions.