Impact of Irrigation Management Transfer on Land and Water Productivity and Water Supply in the Gediz Basin, Turkey

In the 1990s, Turkey started a fast transfer program in which a large proportion of government-managed irrigation systems were put into the hands of Water Users’ Associations (WUAs) in a very short space of time. One of the first systems to be handed over was the Gediz Basin. This study aims to set out the effects of the transfer of irrigation management in this basin on water and land productivity and water supply. For this purpose, the indicators of productivity and water supply proposed by the International Water Management Institute have been used to show changes between the pretransfer, transfer, and post-transfer periods. WUA averages for the post-transfer period calculated from the results ranged $2,076–$2,898?ha?1 for output per command area, $2,747–$4,585?ha?1 for output per irrigated area, $0.26–$0.68?m?3 for output per irrigation supply, $0.30–$0.63?m?3 for output per unit water consumed, 0.88–1.49 for relative water supply, and 0.99–1.99 for relative irrigation supply. During the period evaluated by the study, there was a decline in water supply indicators, as against a steady increase in the productivity of water and land use. The basic reason for this decrease in supply is the long-lasting and ongoing drought in the region.     

Vinylferrocene copolymers based biosensors for phenol derivatives

BACKGROUND: Newly synthesized composite films of P(glycidyl methacrylate₈₅‐co‐vinylferrocene₁₅)/Poly(glutaraldehyde)/ Polypyrrole [P(GMA₈₅‐co‐VFc₁₅)/PGA/PPy] and Poly(3‐methylthienyl methacrylate₈₅‐co‐vinylferrocene₁₅)/Polypyrrole [P (MTM₈₅‐co‐VFc₁₅)/PPy] were used as matrices for tyrosinase based working electrodes. Direct covalent attachment of enzyme was carried out via the pendant epoxy groups of P(GMA₈₅‐co‐VFc₁₅) film, and the entrapment of enzyme was achieved for electrode containing P(MTM₈₅‐co‐VFc₁₅) film via electropolymerization of pyrrole in the presence of enzyme. The aim of the study is amperometric determination of various phenolics and investigation of the effect of interfacial interactions between enzyme and matrices on biosensor response. RESULTS: The lowest detection limit and the highest sensitivity for a P(GMA₈₅‐co‐VFc₁₅) based working electrode was found to be 0.113 µmol L^?1 for 4‐methoxyphenol, 40 nA (µmol L^?1)^?1 for pyrocatechol, respectively. Results showed that sensitivities were at least 8500–55000 times higher than the results in previous P(GMA‐co‐VFc) related studies. CONCLUSION: Facilitated electron transfer was achieved by means of mediator incorporated in conductive composites of VFc based redox copolymers. The effect was greater when enzyme was covalently bonded via epoxy groups due to the proximity of enzyme, mediator and electrode surface. Results showed that a multifunctional surface was provided on electrodes since the suggested copolymers could mediate an electrochemical reaction, and the multifunctional surface was capable of coating with conductive PPy. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Albumin adsorption from aqueous solutions and human plasma in a packed-bed column with Cibacron Blue F3GA-Zn(II) attached poly(EGDMA-HEMA) microbeads

Affinity dye-ligand Cibacron Blue F3GA, was covalently coupled with poly(EGDMA-HEMA) microbeads via nucleophilic reaction between the chloride of its triazine ring and the hydroxyl groups of the HEMA under alkaline conditions. The microbeads carrying 16.5 μmol Cibacron Blue F3GA per gram polymer was incorporated with Zn(II) ions. Zn(II) loading was 189.6 μmol/g. Cibacron Blue F3GA-Zn(II) attached affinity sorbent was used for albumin adsorption from aqueous solutions and human plasma in a packed-bed column. BSA adsorption capacity of the microbeads decreased with an increase in the recirculation rate. High adsorption rates were observed at the beginning, then equilibrium was gradually achieved in about 60 min. The BSA concentration in the mobile phase also effected adsorption. BSA adsorption was first increased with BSA concentration, then reached a plateau which was about 128 mg BSA/g. The maximum adsorption was observed at pH 5.0 which is the isoelectric pH of BSA. Higher human serum albumin adsorption was observed from human plasma (215 mg HSA/g). High desorption ratios (over 90% of the adsorbed albumin) were achieved by using 1.0 M NaSCN (pH 8.0) in 30 min.     

On combinatorial auction and Lagrangean relaxation for distributed resource scheduling

Most existing methods for scheduling are based on centralized or hierarchical decision making using monolithic models. In ihis study, we investigate a new method based on a distributed and locally autonomous decision structure using the notion of combinatorial auction. In combinatorial auction the bidders demand a combination of dependent objects with a single bid. We show that not only can we use this auction mechanism to handle complex resource scheduling problems, but there exist strong links between combinatorial auction and Lagrangean-based decomposition. Exploring some of these properties, we characterize combinatorial auction using auction protocols and payment functions. This study is a first step toward developing a distributed scheduling framework that maintains system-wide performance while accommodating local preferences and objectives. We provide some insights to this framework by demonstrating four different versions of the auction mechanism using job shop scheduling problems.     

SNMP Over Fieldbus技术研究

本文提出了一种SNMP over Fieldbus的技术,该技术可以屏蔽网络硬件平台的差异性和现场总线协议的异构性,为不同标准的现场总线设备之间的信息共享提供了很好的解决途径.本文的最后给出了SNMP over MODBUS的实例.     

基于LabVIEW的IP网络管理

介绍了基于SNMP的网络管理系统,分析了基于SNMP协议的网络编程。通过对SNMP协议实现过程中关键技术的讨论,从工程的角度阐明了如何用LabVIEW语言实现一个针对IP网络的管理。最后给出了应用该方法开发的一个实例。     

Thin-film test to investigate liquid oxypolymerization of nonvolatile analytes: Assessment of vegetable oils and biodegradable lubricants

A thin-film oxidation test was developed to investigate liquid oxypolymerization of nonvolatile analytes. Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) showed that the test delivered the required degree of oxidation with better than ±5% accuracy. The following oils were ranked according to their decreasing resistance to oxypolymer formation at 150°C: 90% oleic sunflower oil, triolein, meadowfoam oil, castor oil, canola oil, lesquerella oil, and soybean oil. Higher degrees of oxidation demonstrated the occurrence of oxidative gelation. Oxypolymerization tendencies of hydraulic fluids based on canola and rapeseed oils were comparable to those of canola oil without additives. The relative amount of C-C polyunsaturation present in the fatty acid chain was a major differentiating factor. However, oxidation inhibitors also reduced the rates of oxypolymerization, as demonstrated by sunflower oil-based hydraulic fluid. Canola and rapeseed lubricants needed better oxypolymerization control.     

Hydrogen production by autothermal reforming of LPG for PEM fuel cell applications

Indirect partial oxidation, or oxidative steam reforming, tests of a bimetallic Pt–Ni catalyst supported on δ$\delta$-alumina were conducted in propane–n  -butane mixtures (LPG) used as feed. _H2${\mathrm{H}}_2$ production activity and _H2/CO${\mathrm{H}}_2/\mathrm{CO}$ selectivity were investigated in response to different S/C, C/_O2$\mathrm{C}/{\mathrm{O}}_2$ and W/F ratios. It was confirmed that higher steam content in the reactant stream increases both the activity and the _H2/CO${\mathrm{H}}_2/\mathrm{CO}$ selectivity of the process. Low residence times created a positive impact on catalyst activity not only for hydrogen but also for carbon monoxide production due to the increased amount of fresh hydrocarbon in the feed stream. Hence, the highest selectivity level was obtained at intermediate residence times. The response of the system to C/_O2$\mathrm{C}/{\mathrm{O}}_2$ ratio was found to depend on the available steam content due to the complex nature of IPOX. The Pt–Ni catalyst was very prone to catalyst deactivation at low S/C ratios accompanied by high C/_O2$\mathrm{C}/{\mathrm{O}}_2$ ratios, but this problem was not encountered at high S/C ratios. A comparison of catalyst performance for different propane-to-n-butane ratios in the LPG feed indicated that the Pt–Ni catalyst has slightly better activity and selectivity at higher n-butane contents at the expense of becoming more sensitive to coke deposition.     

Resistorless first-order all-pass filter with electronic tuning

A first-order all-pass filter (APF) with electronic tuning properties is presented. The filter consists of only active components and a single-grounded capacitor. The circuit is cascadable, has small sensitivities, and suitable for monolithic integration, and it can also operate at high frequencies.