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排序方式: 共有668条查询结果,搜索用时 9 毫秒
41.
Frédéric Soulignac Pierre-Alain Danis Damien Bouffard Vincent Chanudet Etienne Dambrine Yann Guénand Tristan Harmel Bastiaan W. Ibelings Dominique Trevisan Rob Uittenbogaard Orlane Anneville 《Journal of Great Lakes research》2018,44(4):756-764
Lake biological parameters show important spatio-temporal heterogeneities. This is why explaining the spatial patchiness of phytoplankton abundance has been a recurrent ecological issue and is an essential prerequisite for objectively assessing, protecting and restoring freshwater ecosystems. The drivers of these heterogeneities can be identified by modeling their dynamics. This approach is useful for theoretical and applied limnology. In this study, a 3D hydrodynamic model of Lake Geneva (France/Switzerland) was created. It is based on the Delft3D suite software and includes the main tributary (Rhône River) and two-dimensional high-resolution meteorological forcing. It provides 3D maps of water temperature and current velocities with a 1?h time step on a 1?km horizontal grid size and with a vertical resolution of 1?m near the surface to 7?m at the bottom of the lake. The dynamics and the drivers of phytoplankton heterogeneities were assessed by combining the outputs of the model and chlorophyll-a concentration (Chl-a) data from MERIS satellite images between 2008 and 2012. Results highlight physical mechanisms responsible for the occurrence of seasonal hot-spots in phytoplankton abundance in the lake. At the beginning of spring, Chl-a heterogeneities are usually caused by an earlier onset of phytoplankton growth in the shallowest and more sheltered areas; spatial differences in the timing of phytoplankton growth can be explained by spatial variability in thermal stratification dynamics. In summer, transient and locally higher phytoplankton abundances are observed in relation to the impact of basin-scale upwelling. 相似文献
42.
Rami Khazaka Etienne Moulin Mathieu Boccard Loïc Garcia Simon Hnni Franz‐Josef Haug Fanny Meillaud Christophe Ballif 《Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications》2015,23(9):1182-1189
We compare the performance of two back reflector designs on the optoelectrical properties of microcrystalline silicon solar cells. The first one consists of a 5‐µm‐thick low‐pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD)‐ZnO electrode combined with a white sheet; the second one incorporates an Ag reflector deposited on a thin LPCVD‐ZnO layer (with thickness below 200 nm). For this latter design, the optical loss in the nano‐rough Ag reflector can be strongly reduced by smoothing the surface of the thin underlying ZnO layer, by means of an Ar‐plasma treatment. Because of its superior lateral conductivity, the thin‐ZnO/Ag back reflector design provides a higher fill factor than the dielectric back reflector design. When decreasing the roughness of the front electrode with respect to our standard front LPCVD‐ZnO layer, the electrical cell performance is improved; in addition, the implementation of the thin‐ZnO/Ag back reflector leads to a significant relative gain in light trapping. Applying this newly optimized combination of front and back electrodes, the conversion efficiency is improved from 8.9% up to 9.4%, for cells with an active‐layer thickness of only 1.1 µm. We thereby highlight the necessity to optimize simultaneously the front and back electrodes. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
43.
A phenomenological kinetic energy theory of buoyant axisymmetric multiphase plumes is constructed, with particular attention to the modeling of the dispersed phase. The dissolution is treated by means of the Ranz-Marshall equation involving a mass-transfer coefficient dependent on the plume properties. The model is compared with various experiments, yielding satisfactory agreement. A central ingredient in the model is the turbulent correlation parameter I, playing a role analogous to the conventional entrainment coefficient α. We use experimental data to suggest a relationship between I, the initial gas flux at the source, and the depth of the gas release. 相似文献
44.
Gawronski Bertram; LeBel Etienne P.; Peters Kurt R.; Banse Rainer 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》2009,135(3):369
J. De Houwer, S. Teige-Mocigemba, A. Spruyt, and A. Moors’s (see record 2009-05290-001) normative analysis of implicit measures provides an excellent clarification of several conceptual ambiguities surrounding the validation and use of implicit measures. The current comment discusses an important, yet unacknowledged, implication of J. De Houwer et al.’s analysis, namely, that investigations addressing the proposed implicitness criterion (i.e., does the relevant psychological attribute influence measurement outcomes in an automatic fashion?) will be susceptible to fundamental misinterpretations if they are conducted independently of the proposed what criterion (i.e., is the measurement outcome causally produced by the psychological attribute the measurement procedure was designed to assess?). As a solution, it is proposed that experimental validation studies should be combined with a correlational approach in order to determine whether a given manipulation influenced measurement scores via variations in the relevant psychological attribute or via secondary sources of systematic variance. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
45.
Coutureau Etienne; Marchand Alain R.; Di Scala Georges 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》2009,123(2):443
The current view of instrumental conditioning indicates that performance in the early stage of training is maintained by a representation of the outcome, as indexed by its sensitivity to changes in the value of the reward. In the present study, the authors tested the effects of a disconnection of the prelimbic cortex (PL) and the basolateral nucleus of the amygdale (BLA), using an asymmetric lesion procedure, to determine whether these structures interact sequentially as part of a corticolimbic system. In marked contrast to the effects of bilateral lesions of the PL or the BLA, which both altered rats' sensitivity to outcome devaluation, the disconnection of these 2 brain areas was without an effect on outcome devaluation. These results demonstrate that the PL and the BLA mediate different aspects of outcome representation in goal-directed responding. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
46.
Abboud M Vol S Duguet E Fontanille M 《Journal of materials science. Materials in medicine》2000,11(5):295-300
New acrylic bone cements were prepared from alumina particles previously treated by 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propylmethacrylate (-MPS), able to act both as radiopacifying and reinforcing agents. The present study deals with the handling characteristics and the compressive behavior of such cements. The influence of the particles morphology, their surface-modification by -MPS bonding agent, their concentration in the cement, the powder-to-liquid ratio and the benzoyl peroxide concentration are reported. The role of grafted -MPS molecules as coupling agent was confirmed. For several formulations, compressive strength and modulus reached 150 MPa and 3400 MPa respectively. Limitations in the use of such formulations are also comprehensively discussed. ©2000 Kluwer Academic Publishers 相似文献
47.
48.
Tatsuyuki Sagawa Etienne Boisnier Teruhisa Komatsu Karim Ben Mustapha Abdalla Hattour Naoko Kosaka 《International journal of remote sensing》2013,34(12):3051-3064
Remote sensing is widely used in coastal management. Lyzenga's model has been traditionally used to explain the relationship between bottom surface reflectance and the radiance level measured by satellite. Due to its central assumption, this model lacks accuracy compared with the other radiative transfer models. Nonetheless, it enables, with a single and simple equation, representation of the multiple optical processes taking place in coastal areas. Mapping processes associated with this model may include radiometric correction, a technique previously pointed out as a major driver of mapping accuracy. Radiometric correction is generally based on a depth-invariant index, efficient for clear waters (Jerlov water type I to II) but largely unsuitable when transparency decreases (Jerlov water type II to III). In order to overcome this problem, we developed a new index for radiometric correction, which combines bathymetry data with attenuation coefficients. The improved efficiency of our model with regard to the traditional depth invariant index was demonstrated through two case studies: Funakoshi Bay (Japan; Jerlov water type II) and the Gabes Gulf part located off Mahares (Tunisia; Jerlov water type II to III). 相似文献
49.
Cuzol Anne M min Etienne 《IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence》2009,31(7):1278-1293
In this paper, we present a method for the temporal tracking of fluid flow velocity fields. The technique we propose is formalized within a sequential Bayesian filtering framework. The filtering model combines an Itô diffusion process coming from a stochastic formulation of the vorticity-velocity form of the Navier-Stokes equation and discrete measurements extracted from the image sequence. In order to handle a state space of reasonable dimension, the motion field is represented as a combination of adapted basis functions, derived from a discretization of the vorticity map of the fluid flow velocity field. The resulting nonlinear filtering problem is solved with the particle filter algorithm in continuous time. An adaptive dimensional reduction method is applied to the filtering technique, relying on dynamical systems theory. The efficiency of the tracking method is demonstrated on synthetic and real-world sequences. 相似文献
50.
Footskate is a common problem encountered in interactive applications dealing with virtual character animations. It has proven difficult to fix without the use of complex numerical methods, which require expert skills for their implementations, along with a fair amount of user interaction to correct a motion. On the other hand, deformable bodies are being increasingly used in virtual reality (VR) applications, allowing users to customize their avatar as they wish. This introduces the need of adapting motions without any help from a designer, as a random user seldom has the skills required to drive the existing algorithms towards the right solution. In this paper, we present a simple method to remove footskate artifacts in VR applications. Unlike previous algorithms, our approach does not rely on the skeletal animation to perform the correction but rather on the skin. This ensures that the final foot planting really matches the virtual character’s motion. The changes are applied to the root joint of the skeleton only so that the resulting animation is as close as possible to the original one. Eventually, thanks to the simplicity of its formulation, it can be quickly and easily added to existing frameworks. 相似文献