The effect of different ternary mixtures of sodium phosphates on hardness of processed cheese spreads

The aim of this study was to describe the dependence of hardness of processed cheeses on the proportion of disodium hydrogenphosphate (DSP), tetrasodium diphosphate (TSPP) and/or sodium salts of polyphosphate (POLY) in ternary mixtures of emulsifying salts. The samples were observed during a 30‐day storage period (at 6 °C). On the second day of storage, hardness of the samples with the individual DSP, TSPP or POLY were in the range of 1.65–1.83 N, 2.42–2.81 N and 5.98–6.53 N, respectively. Within zero or a very low proportion of POLY in the mixture, hardness of the processed cheeses increased rapidly (up to 14 N) at a specific ratio of DSP to TSPP in range of 1:1–3:4. Hardness of the samples containing the above‐mentioned specific ratio was decreasing with the rising content of POLY (up to 60%) in the ternary mixtures. Within the prevailing content of POLY in the ternary mixtures (more than 60%), the phenomenon of a specific ratio of DSP to TSPP was no longer observed. With the increasing storage period (up to 30 days), hardness of the processed cheeses was slightly rising (in range of 2–4 N).     

Frequency drives lexical access in reading but not in speaking: The frequency-lag hypothesis.

To contrast mechanisms of lexical access in production versus comprehension we compared the effects of word frequency (high, low), context (none, low constraint, high constraint), and level of English proficiency (monolingual, Spanish–English bilingual, Dutch–English bilingual) on picture naming, lexical decision, and eye fixation times. Semantic constraint effects were larger in production than in reading. Frequency effects were larger in production than in reading without constraining context but larger in reading than in production with constraining context. Bilingual disadvantages were modulated by frequency in production but not in eye fixation times, were not smaller in low-constraint contexts, and were reduced by high-constraint contexts only in production and only at the lowest level of English proficiency. These results challenge existing accounts of bilingual disadvantages and reveal fundamentally different processes during lexical access across modalities, entailing a primarily semantically driven search in production but a frequency-driven search in comprehension. The apparently more interactive process in production than comprehension could simply reflect a greater number of frequency-sensitive processing stages in production. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Control of interference during working memory updating.

The current study examined the nature of the processes underlying working memory updating. In 4 experiments using the n-back paradigm, the authors demonstrate that continuous updating of items in working memory prevents strong binding of those items to their contexts in working memory, and hence leads to an increased susceptibility to proactive interference. Results of Experiments 1 and 2 show that this interference reflects a competition between a process that reveals the degree of familiarity of an item and a context-sensitive recollection process that depends on the strength of bindings in working memory. Experiment 3 further clarifies the origins of interference during updating by demonstrating that even items that are semantically related to the updated working memory contents but that have not been maintained in working memory before cause proactive interference. Finally, the results of Experiment 4 indicate that the occurrence of interference leads to top-down behavioral adjustments that prioritize recollection over familiarity assessment. The implications of these findings for the construct validity of the n-back task, for the control processes involved in working memory updating, and for the concept of executive control more generally are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

14 Thesen zum Datenschutz im Smart Grid

In den folgenden Thesen sind die wesentlichen Anmerkungen und Anregungen der Verfasser zum Datenschutz im Smart Grid und in der Elektromobilit?t zusammengefasst. Dem Dokument liegen Untersuchungen der Verfasser aus dem Dokument „Datenschutz im Smart Grid“, das im Rahmen der gemeinsamen Begleitforschung der F?rderprogramme „E-Energy — IKT-basiertes Energiesystem der Zukunft“ und „IKT für Elektromobilit?t“ entstanden ist, zugrunde.     

Carotenoid content and composition in rose hips (Rosa spp.) during ripening,determination of suitable maturity marker and implications for health promoting food products

Carotenoids are important antioxidants and valuable bioactive compounds contributing to the health benefits of different foods, and rose hips are known for high bioactive content. This study investigated the content of carotenoids and chlorophylls in hips from four rose species during the ripening period. Carotenoid content varied greatly between harvesting times, although species and year, and interactions between factors, also played an important role. Some carotenoids were identified only in hips of specific rose species. Some of the investigated compounds decreased (chlorophyll a) or increased (lycopene) consistently over the ripening period and could therefore be useful as maturity markers. An optimal content of total or specific carotenoids, e.g. for food products containing rose hips, might be obtained by proper choice of harvesting time and rose species.     

Numerical and experimental studies of polyurethane foam under impact loading

Proper predictions of the behaviour of shock absorber materials are of utmost importance in safety assessments for licensing casks for transport and storage of highly active waste. After having identified significant discrepancies between numerical results and the actual response of polyurethane foam limiters subjected to accidental scenarios, a new research project ENREA was established by BAM. A major objective is to enhance and to develop advanced material models intended to simulate limiters under impact loading. They should account for all major factors influencing the load–deformation relationship like temperature, strain rate and specific stress state. The corresponding test program, applicable plasticity models, the overall parameter identification strategy based on local and global optimization techniques as well as experimental and numerical results are presented here in particular for closed cell foams.     

Defluoridation from aqueous solutions by granular ferric hydroxide (GFH)

This research was undertaken to evaluate the feasibility of granular ferric hydroxide (GFH) for fluoride removal from aqueous solutions. Batch experiments were performed to study the influence of various experimental parameters such as contact time (1 min-24 h), initial fluoride concentration (1-100 mg L⁻¹), temperature (10 and 25 °C), pH (3-12) and the presence of competing anions on the adsorption of fluoride on GFH. Kinetic data revealed that the uptake rate of fluoride was rapid in the beginning and 95% adsorption was completed within 10 min and equilibrium was achieved within 60 min. The sorption process was well explained with pseudo-first-order and pore diffusion models. The maximum adsorption capacity of GFH for fluoride removal was 7.0 mg g⁻¹. The adsorption was found to be an endothermic process and data conform to Langmuir model. The optimum fluoride removal was observed between pH ranges of 4-8. The fluoride adsorption was decreased in the presence of phosphate followed by carbonate and sulphate. Results from this study demonstrated potential utility of GFH that could be developed into a viable technology for fluoride removal from drinking water.