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61.
正我们告诉大家,如何综合运用Adobe Camera Raw与Photoshop的各项功能,打造一幅完美的具备专业效果的肖像照片。软件准备:Photoshop CS6学习目标:使用特殊模糊滤镜在保留细节的前提下美化皮肤,使用快速选择工具选择并美白牙齿和眼睛。操作耗时:15分钟 相似文献
62.
Three‐Dimensional Printing of Multifunctional Nanocomposites: Manufacturing Techniques and Applications 下载免费PDF全文
Rouhollah D. Farahani Martine Dubé Daniel Therriault 《Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)》2016,28(28):5794-5821
The integration of nanotechnology into three‐dimensional printing (3DP) offers huge potential and opportunities for the manufacturing of 3D engineered materials exhibiting optimized properties and multifunctionality. The literature relating to different 3DP techniques used to fabricate 3D structures at the macro‐ and microscale made of nanocomposite materials is reviewed here. The current state‐of‐the‐art fabrication methods, their main characteristics (e.g., resolutions, advantages, limitations), the process parameters, and materials requirements are discussed. A comprehensive review is carried out on the use of metal‐ and carbon‐based nanomaterials incorporated into polymers or hydrogels for the manufacturing of 3D structures, mostly at the microscale, using different 3D‐printing techniques. Several methods, including but not limited to micro‐stereolithography, extrusion‐based direct‐write technologies, inkjet‐printing techniques, and popular powder‐bed technology, are discussed. Various examples of 3D nanocomposite macro‐ and microstructures manufactured using different 3D‐printing technologies for a wide range of domains such as microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), lab‐on‐a‐chip, microfluidics, engineered materials and composites, microelectronics, tissue engineering, and biosystems are reviewed. Parallel advances on materials and techniques are still required in order to employ the full potential of 3D printing of multifunctional nanocomposites. 相似文献
63.
Behnam Fahimnia Reza Zanjirani Farahani Romeo Marian Lee Luong 《Journal of Manufacturing Systems》2013
Optimisation modelling of integrated production–distribution (P–D) plans has raised significant interest among both researchers and practitioners over the past two decades. This paper provides the readers with a comprehensive review and critique on the current P–D planning and optimisation literature. We classify the published P–D planning models into seven categories based on their degree of complexity and hence capability in addressing real-life scenarios. Summary tables highlight the main characteristics of the selected models at each category. Next, the paper reclassifies and evaluates the proposed models based on the solution techniques used. Lastly, the unaddressed areas in the current literature are highlighted, important managerial implications are proposed and directions for future research in the area are suggested. 相似文献
65.
Shu-Wen Wang Wen-Biao Ruan Chen-Lin Jin Mohammad Reza Farahani 《Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy》2018,13(8):351-356
Gasification is a thermochemical process which can be used as a low-emission and highly efficient method to produce syngas and chemicals such as biomethanol and dimethyl ether (DME). In this paper, a review of technologies and methods for economic production of chemicals through gasification of biomass and other fuels has been carried out. A variety of techno-economic studies and analysis have been proposed in order to better understand the technical and economic assessments during the biomass gasification. Results showed that the methanol production cost for biomass (wood) is from 195 to 935 €/t, for waste residues is from 200 to 930 €/t, for coal is from 160 to 480 €/t, and for natural gas is from 90 to 290 €/t. It also concluded that fuel (wood) cost has positive linear relationship with ethanol production cost, meaning as the feedstock cost increases from 30 to 50 $/day-ton, the ethanol production cost enhances from 1.66 to 1.95 $/gal. 相似文献
66.
Formation of the microstructural ferrite/pearlite bands in medium Mn steels is an undesirable phenomenon commonly addressed through fast cooling treatments. In this study, a novel approach using the cyclic partial phase transformation concept is applied successfully to prevent microstructural band formation in a micro-chemically banded Fe-C-Mn-Si steel. The effectiveness of the new approach is assessed using the ASTM E1268-01 standard. The cyclic intercritical treatments lead to formation of isotropic microstructures even for cooling rates far below the critical one determined in conventional continuous cooling. In contrast, isothermal intercritical experiments have no effect on the critical cooling rate to suppress microstructural band formation. The origin of the suppression of band formation either by means of fast cooling or a cyclic partial phase transformation is investigated in detail. Theoretical modeling and microstructural observations confirm that band formation is suppressed only if the intercritical annealing treatment leads to partial reversion of the austenite-ferrite interfaces. The resulting interfacial Mn enrichment is responsible for suppression of the band formation upon final cooling at low cooling rates. 相似文献
67.
68.
RD Howard RS Martens SA Innis JM Drnevich J Hale 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1998,55(5):1151-1163
A sexual size dimorphism usually occurs when size-dependent reproductive advantages exist in only one sex. Studies on Japanese medaka, Oryzias latipes, have demonstrated reproductive size advantages in females but not in males, even though males and females are similar in body size. We conducted mate-choice and mate-copying tests in which a female could first associate with, then mate with, either a large (>/=1 sd+X standard length) or a small male (=1 sd-X standard length). Large males obtained a mating advantage in both tests, and both mate choice and mate competition influenced their mating success. In the majority of trials, females associated with large males. Association preferences of females corresponded to their mating preferences when mate competition between males was weak; however, when mate competition was strong, large males obtained almost every mating regardless of female association preference. Preference for large males may provide females with a reproductive advantage if males mate multiply because small males become sperm-depleted sooner than large males. We found no indication that females copied the mating decisions of other females. Repeatability of female mating preference was low, not because females mated at random with respect to male size, but because most females consistently preferred large males. We also conducted mating tests at four density levels and found that large males maintained their mating advantage relative to small males at all densities. Thus, male and female medaka may be similar in body size because large size provides a fecundity advantage for females, as demonstrated in previous studies, and large size provides a mating advantage for males, as demonstrated in our study. Copyright 1998 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Copyright 1998 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. 相似文献
69.
H Weiler-Guettler WC Aird H Rayburn M Husain RD Rosenberg 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1996,122(7):2271-2281
Embryonic lethality of thrombomodulin-deficient mice has indicated an essential role for this regulator of blood coagulation in murine development. Here, the embryonic expression pattern of thrombomodulin was defined by surveying beta-galactosidase activity in a mouse strain in which the reporter gene was placed under the regulatory control of the endogenous thrombomodulin promoter via homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells. The murine trophoblast was identified as a previously unrecognized anatomical site where TM expression is conserved between humans and mice and may exert a critical function during postimplantation development. Targeted reporter gene expression in mesodermal precursors of the endothelial cell lineage defined thrombomodulin as an early marker of vascular differentiation. Analysis of the thrombomodulin promoter in differentiating ES cells and in transgenic mice provided evidence for a disparate and cell type-specific gene regulatory control mechanism in the parietal yolk sac. The thrombomodulin promoter as defined in this study will allow the targeting of gene expression to the parietal yolk sac of transgenic mice and the initiation of investigations into the role of parietal endoderm in placental function. 相似文献
70.
RD Wagner NM Maroushek JF Brown CJ Czuprynski 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1994,62(6):2345-2353
Mice that received an anti-interleukin-10 (anti-IL-10) neutralizing monoclonal antibody (MAb) (SXC-1) prior to infection with Listeria monocytogenes initially demonstrated resistance to the infection, as indicated by reduced recovery of L. monocytogenes from their spleens and livers during the first 5 days after challenge. Anti-IL-10 MAb-treated mice then demonstrated reduced resistance during the later stage of infection, as indicated by persistent infection with L. monocytogenes in their livers 11 days after challenge. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels (a measure of liver damage) in the sera of control mice increased between 1 and 5 days after challenge, while anti-IL-10 MAb-treated mice maintained lower AST levels. At 7 days after challenge, AST levels in the sera of control mice decreased as the numbers of organisms declined. In contrast, AST levels increased as the infections persisted in anti-IL-10 MAb-treated mice. The AST levels in serum reflected liver histopathology as anti-IL-10 MAb-treated mice exhibited fewer granulomatous lesions and less necrosis of liver tissue than the control mice during the first 5 days after challenge. Anti-IL-10 MAb treatment altered the expression of inflammatory cytokine mRNAs during L. monocytogenes infection. Control MAb-treated mice exhibited increased expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor mRNA in their lives during L. monocytogenes infection, but this increase did not occur in anti-IL-10 MAb-treated mice. Gamma interferon mRNA expression in the livers of the control MAb-treated mice was increased between 1 and 5 days after L. monocytogenes challenge and then decreased at 7 days after challenge. In contrast, gamma interferon mRNA expression in the livers of anti-IL-10 MAb-treated mice was not decreased until 7 days after challenge. These results indicate that endogenous IL-10 has both beneficial and detrimental effects on the host response to L. monocytogenes infection in mice. 相似文献