Mapping QTL for Adult-Plant Resistance to Stripe Rust in a Chinese Wheat Landrace

Wheat stripe (yellow) rust is a worldwide disease that seriously reduces wheat grain yield and quality. Adult-plant resistance (APR) to stripe rust is generally more durable but usually controlled by multiple genes with partial resistance. In this study, a recombinant inbred line population was developed from a cross between a Chinese wheat landrace, Tutoumai, with APR to stripe rust, and a highly susceptible wheat cultivar, Siyang 936. The population was genotyped by genotyping-by-sequencing and phenotyped for APR to stripe rust in four consecutive field experiments. Three QTLs, QYr.sdau-1BL, QYr.sdau-5BL, and QYr.sdau-6BL, were identified for APR to stripe rust, and explained 8.0–21.2%, 10.1–22.7%, and 11.6–18.0% of the phenotypic variation, respectively. QYr.sdau-1BL was further mapped to a 21.6 Mb region using KASP markers derived from SNPs identified by RNA-seq of the two parents. In the QYr.sdau-1BL region, 13 disease-resistance-related genes were differently expressed between the two parents, and therefore were considered as the putative candidates of QYr.sdau-1BL. This study provides favorable gene/QTL and high-throughput markers to breeding programs for marker-assisted selection of the wheat stripe rust APR genes.     

The Plastidial DIG5 Protein Affects Lateral Root Development by Regulating Flavonoid Biosynthesis and Auxin Transport in Arabidopsis

To reveal the mechanisms underlying root adaptation to drought stress, we isolated and characterized an Arabidopsis mutant, dig5 (drought inhibition of lateral root growth 5), which exhibited increased sensitivity to the phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) for the inhibition of lateral root growth. The dig5 mutant also had fewer lateral roots under normal conditions and the aerial parts were yellowish with a lower level of chlorophylls. The mutant seedlings also displayed phenotypes indicative of impaired auxin transport, such as abnormal root curling, leaf venation defects, absence of apical hook formation, and reduced hypocotyl elongation in darkness. Auxin transport assays with [³H]-labeled indole acetic acid (IAA) confirmed that dig5 roots were impaired in polar auxin transport. Map-based cloning and complementation assays indicated that the DIG5 locus encodes a chloroplast-localized tRNA adenosine deaminase arginine (TADA) that is involved in chloroplast protein translation. The levels of flavonoids, which are naturally occurring auxin transport inhibitors in plants, were significantly higher in dig5 roots than in the wild type roots. Further investigation showed that flavonoid biosynthetic genes were upregulated in dig5. Introduction of the flavonoid biosynthetic mutation transparent testa 4 (tt4) into dig5 restored the lateral root growth of dig5. Our study uncovers an important role of DIG5/TADA in retrogradely controlling flavonoid biosynthesis and lateral root development. We suggest that the DIG5-related signaling pathways, triggered likely by drought-induced chlorophyll breakdown and leaf senescence, may potentially help the plants to adapt to drought stress through optimizing the root system architecture.     

Cyt-C Mediated Mitochondrial Pathway Plays an Important Role in Oocyte Apoptosis in Ricefield Eel (Monopterus albus)

Apoptosis plays a key role in the effective removal of excessive and defective germ cells, which is essential for sequential hermaphroditism and sex change in vertebrates. The ricefield eel, Monopterus albus is a protogynous hermaphroditic fish that undergoes a sequential sex change from female to male. Previous studies have demonstrated that apoptosis is involved in sex change in M. albus. However, the apoptotic signaling pathway is unclear. In the current study, we explored the underlying mechanism of apoptosis during gonadal development and focused on the role of the mitochondrial apoptosis signaling pathway in sex change in M. albus. Flow cytometry was performed to detect apoptosis in gonads at five sexual stages and ovary tissues exposed to hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) in vitro. Then the expression patterns of key genes and proteins in the mitochondrial pathway, death receptor pathway and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) pathway were examined. The results showed that the apoptosis rate was significantly increased in the early intersexual stage and then decreased with the natural sex change from female to male. Quantitative real-time PCR revealed that bax, tnfr1, and calpain were mainly expressed in the five stages. ELISA demonstrated that the relative content of cytochrome-c (cyt-c) in the mitochondrial pathway was significantly higher than that of caspase8 and caspase12, with a peak in the early intersexual stage, while the levels of caspase8 and caspase12 peaked in the late intersexual stage. Interestingly, the Pearson’s coefficient between cyt-c and the apoptosis rate was 0.705, which suggests that these factors are closely related during the gonadal development of M. albus. Furthermore, the cyt-c signal was found to be increased in the intersexual stage by immunohistochemistry. After incubation with H₂O₂, the mRNA expression of mitochondrial pathway molecules such as bax, apaf-1, and caspase3 increased in ovary tissues. In conclusion, the present results suggest that the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway may play a more important role than the other apoptotic pathways in sex change in M. albus.     

从超振荡透镜到超临界透镜：超越衍射极限的光场调制

以超振荡透镜和超临界透镜为典型代表的平面超透镜是一种利用光场调控方式实现远场超衍射极限聚焦和成像的光学元件。通过精密调控各衍射结构单元之间的干涉效应,可以在焦平面上局部区域内获得高于系统最高空间频率的电场振荡,从而实现对衍射焦斑横向和轴向尺寸的可控调节。与传统的光学透镜相比,平面超透镜具有聚焦能力强,结构紧凑,设计自由度大,利于集成等优点。因其远场超衍射极限的光场调控能力,受到衍射光学和纳米光子学领域人员的广泛关注和研究。本文介绍了平面超衍射极限透镜光场调控的原理和设计方法。对超振荡透镜和超临界透镜的研究现状及其在远场光学超分辨成像领域的应用进行了分析和讨论,最后对该领域面临的问题及其拓展方向作了展望。

     

顺层长钻孔超高压水力割缝增透技术研究与应用

为解决低渗透性中硬煤层顺层钻孔抽采半径影响范围较小、抽采效果较差等问题,研究了工作面顺层长钻孔超高压水力割缝技术。通过应力波效应研究了水射流破煤机理,分析了超高压水力割缝卸压增透原理,研制出工作压力达100 MPa的超高压水力割缝成套装置,实现了超高压状态下不退出钻杆的钻割一体化工艺和远程操作功能,考察了超高压水力割缝参数,形成了顺层钻孔超高压水力割缝工艺技术。现场试验得出：割缝钻孔平均单刀出煤量为0.32 t,等效割缝半径达1.51~2.08 m;割缝后钻孔瓦斯抽采浓度同比提高了1.44倍,瓦斯抽采纯流量提高了3倍,有效抽采半径为对比普通钻孔的3.6倍,钻孔施工时间缩短约30%,抽采达标时间缩短40%左右。应用表明,采用超高压水力割缝增透技术后,煤层的透气性明显改善,达到了快速卸压增透的目的。     

加拿大对功能食品的管理

在加拿大,功能食品被称为天然健康产品(Natural Health Product),是目前世界上具有明确法律规定的少数国家之一。本文从天然健康产品的范畴、相关管理法规、产品的审批上市、安全性和有效性证明及标签与包装等几方面介绍了加拿大对天然健康产品的管理,为我国功能食品相关法规的建立提供借鉴,同时也为我国功能食品在加拿大上市提供一定参考。      

供氧水平对黑曲霉发酵生产葡萄糖酸钠的影响

葡萄糖酸钠是一种在食品行业广泛使用的有机酸盐。本文通过考察通气量和搅拌转速研究供氧对菌体发酵周期以及葡萄糖酸钠产物得率的影响。结果表明,在初糖浓度为300g/L条件下,通气量维持0.8vvm不变,搅拌转速提高可以提高供氧水平,发酵时间由原来35.7h缩短至21.4h,产物得率由72.88%提高至87.24%;当保持搅拌转速300r/min不变,只改变通气量,不能有效提高供氧水平,发酵时间为30.5h,产物得率为80.76%;通气量和搅拌转速同时提高可以显著提高供氧水平,发酵时间由35.7h缩短为20.8h,产物得率从72.88%提高至88.47%。      

红皮云杉原花青素的配合性质及配合物的抗氧化活性研究

研究了二次纯化后的红皮云杉球果原花青素与金属离子（Fe2+、Zn2+）螯合、与蛋白质大分子（牛血清蛋白）络合反应的条件。考察了原花青素浓度、温度和pH对配合反应的影响,优化了反应条件,并进一步通过体外抗氧化实验考察了配合体的性质。结果表明,优化后原花青素与Fe2+、Zn2+螯合率分别为89.12%±1.06%、88.31%±0.87%,与牛血清蛋白络合率为91.78%±1.25%。原花青素经过配合后其生物活性有一定的增强,且不同配合物的生物活性增强程度不同,但均具有较强的ABTS+·、DPPH·的清除能力和还原力,其浓度在一定范围内与清除能力呈量效关系。      

花椒精非挥发性成分对大鼠肠道健康的影响

目的:研究花椒精中非挥发性组成成分对大鼠肠道健康的影响。方法:4组实验鼠分别被灌胃相同量的大豆油、花椒精去除挥发油成分(RE)、花椒麻味物质(NTC)和花椒精除去以上两部分后的剩余物(REN)的大豆油溶液,4周后处死取样,测定各相关指标。结果:灌胃NTC组盲肠壁面积减小,游离氨浓度显著升高,短链脂肪酸含量无显著变化,盲肠内容物中乳酸菌等有益菌数量减少,大肠杆菌等有害菌数量显著上升;RE组各指标变化趋势与NTC组相同,但没有NTC作用效果显著;灌胃REN组短链脂肪酸浓度显著增大,游离氨浓度显著升高,pH呈下降趋势,盲肠壁面积增大,盲肠内容物中部分有益菌和有害菌数量均有上升趋势。结论:RE和NTC均会抑制大鼠肠道发酵,对肠道健康有害,且NTC的作用强于RE组分。