The generality of the automatic attitude activation effect.

R. H. Fazio et al (1986) demonstrated that Ss were able to evaluate adjectives more quickly when these adjectives were immediately preceded (primed) by attitude objects of similar valence, compared with when these adjectives were primed by attitude objects of opposite valence. Moreover, this effect obtained primarily for attitude objects toward which Ss were presumed to hold highly accessible attitudes, as indexed by evaluation latency. The present research explored the generality of these findings across attitude objects and across procedural variations. The results of 3 experiments indicated that the automatic activation effect is a pervasive and relatively unconditional phenomenon. It appears that most evaluations stored in memory, for social and nonsocial objects alike, become active automatically on the mere presence or mention of the object in the environment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Preparation and characterisation of PZT films by RF-magnetron sputtering

Stoichiometric films were prepared by rf-magnetron sputtering from a Pb(Zr_0.54Ti_0.46)O₃ ceramic target onto Au-electroded substrates of alumina. During deposition the substrate holder was kept at a temperature of 300 °C. Post-deposition heat treatment in air at 650 °C was carried to promote the full crystallization and to result in pure perovskite PZT phase. SEM-EDX measurements for the films were performed both on surface and on cross-section. The impedance spectroscopy data demonstrates that the films have rather good dielectric properties and low losses. The recorded P-E loops prove their macroscopic ferroelectric characteristics, while piezoresponse force microscopy experiments confirm a nanoscale switching mechanism based on domain nucleation-growth.     

Effect of isocyanate to hydroxyl index on the properties of clear polyurethane films

Clear polyurethane films were made from aqueous polyurethane pre-polymer dispersions and water-dispersible aliphatic isocyanate pre-polymer, varying the amount of isocyanate used to cure the films. Film series were made from one of two polyol dispersions; the control XP-7110 having a higher molecular weight and containing 10 wt.% n-methylpyrrolidone (nmp) was compared to a zero-volatile organic compound (VOC) lower molecular weight alternate polyol XP-2591. Increasing the relative number of isocyanate groups to hydroxyl groups in these films provided an increase in glass transition temperature (T_g), tensile strength, elastic modulus and improved barrier properties to dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) for both polyols in this study. At all indices in this study XP-7110 films achieved slightly higher T_g and slightly better resistance to permeation by DMMP than the XP-2591 films. Water resistance of the films was not improved at higher indices nor was there any difference between the polyols. Yet, the experimental results suggest that it is possible to produce polyurethane binders with acceptable film properties while reducing the VOC content of the formulation by using t-butyl acetate as the isocyanate reducing solvent. The zero-VOC polyol achieved better tensile properties with higher indexing than the current polyol containing 10 wt.% VOC. While the zero-VOC polyol did not perform as well as the baseline polyol in some tests, the differences in performance were small and thus there may be an opportunity to use the zero-VOC polyol as a partial or even a complete replacement of the current material.     

Opportunities for TBCs in the ZrO2-YO1.5-TaO2.5 system

An examination of the ZrO₂-YO_1.5-TaO_2.5 system reveals several promising attributes for use in thermal barrier coating applications. The rather unique presence of a stable, non-transformable tetragonal region in this ternary oxide system allows for phase stability to high temperatures (1500 °C). Selected compositions with high levels of yttria and tantala have also shown superior resistance to vanadate corrosion than the commercially utilized 7YSZ. In addition, Y + Ta stabilized zirconia compositions within the non-transformable tetragonal phase field exhibit toughness values comparable or somewhat higher than those of 7YSZ, which bodes well for their durability as TBCs. These promising attributes are discussed in this paper in the context of recent experimental work.     

Undoped and Cr-doped TiO2 thin films obtained by spray pyrolysis

Undoped and chromium doped titanium oxide thin films were fabricated by spray pyrolysis by using a solution of titanium tetrachloride and ethyl alcohol. The films have been deposited on heated glass substrates at 373 K. After annealing for 90 min at 723 K, the initially amorphous films became polycrystalline with a predominant anatase structure and average crystallite sizes depending on dopant (Cr) concentration. The repartition of chromium impurities in the matrix of titanium oxide films, analyzed by electron paramagnetic resonance and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed that the entrance of chromium into the anatase structure is mainly achieved by substitution. A decrease in unit cell parameters ratio (c/a) with the increase of chromium content sustains this assertion. The wetting properties of the titanium oxide films were evaluated from contact angle measurements between de-ionized water and films surface during- and post-irradiation with UV light. The correlation between the concentration of the dopant, film structure, surface morphology and wettability characteristics is discussed.     

Effect of UV‐Radiation on the Packaging‐Related Properties of Whey Protein Isolate Based Films and Coatings

The high oxygen barrier properties of whey protein based films and coatings means these materials are of great interest to the food and packaging industry. However, these materials have poor mechanical properties such as the tensile strength, Young's modulus and elongation at break. Up until now, the influence of ultraviolet (UV) radiation on whey protein films has not been reported in the literature. This study thus investigates the influence of UV‐radiation on the properties of whey protein based films. UV‐irradiated films showed increased tensile strength and a yellowing that was dependent on the radiation time. After irradiation, the films showed no significant change in the barrier properties, Young's modulus or elongation at break. In addition, a protein solubility study was undertaken to characterize and quantify changes in structure‐property relationships. The significant decrease in protein solubility in buffer systems which break disulfide and non‐covalent bonds indicates that additional molecular interactions arise with increasing radiation dose. This study provides new data for researchers and material developers to tailor the characteristics of whey protein based films according to their intended application and processing. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Substrate and Fe-doping effects on the hydrophilic properties of TiO2 thin films

Titanium dioxide films are known for their hydrophilic and photocatalytic characteristics. Increasing specific surface area and doping can enhance their photocatalytic activity and hydrophilicity. We report here results regarding the enhancement of the photocatalytic properties of titania by both controlling surface morphology and the anatase/rutile ratio. The samples were deposited on glass, indium tin oxide covered glass, and SrTiO₃ by sputtering and laser ablation techniques. Film structure and surface morphology were investigated by X-ray diffraction and atomic force microscopy. Film hydrophilicity was assessed from contact angle measurements during- and post-irradiation with UV light. The contact angle data are discussed in terms of the synergic effects of surface morphology, structure and composition of the films.     

A Drude model analysis of conductivity and free carriers in boron-doped diamond films and investigations of their internal stress and strain

Boron-doped diamond (BDD) has seen a substantial increase in interest for use as electrode coating material for electrochemistry and studies of deep brain stimulation mechanism. In this study, we present an alternative method for determining important characteristics, including conductivity, carrier concentration, and time constant, of such material by the signature of Drude-like metallic behavior in the far-infrared (IR) spectral range. Unlike the direct determination of conductivity from the four-point probe method, using far-IR transmittance provides additional information, such as whether the incorporation of boron results in a large concentration of carriers or in inducing defects in the diamond lattice. The slightly doped to medium-doped BDD samples that were produced using chemical vapor deposition and analyzed in this work show conductivities ranging between 5.5 and 11 (Ω cm)^?1. Different growth conditions demonstrate that increasing boron concentration results in an increase in the carrier concentration, with values between 7.2 × 10¹⁶ and 2.5 × 10¹⁷ carriers/cm³. Addition of boron, besides leading to a decrease in the resistivity, also resulted in a decrease in the time constant, limiting BDD conductivity. Investigations, by confocal Raman mapping, of the induced stress in the material due to interaction with the substrate or to the amount of doping are also presented and discussed. The induced tensile stress, which was distributed closer to the film-substrate interface decreased slightly with doping.     

A social-interactional model of the development of depressive symptoms in adolescence.

This study used longitudinal, multimethod data to examine specific patterns of behavioral interaction with parents and peers that were hypothesized to predict increasing levels of depressive symptoms in early adolescence. Adolescents' struggles in establishing autonomy and relatedness in interactions with mothers, and a withdrawn, angry, or dependent pattern of behavior with a best friend, were assessed with observational and peer-report methods in a community sample of 143 adolescents, who were also assessed for levels of depressive symptoms at age 13 and with whom the authors followed up 1 year later. Study hypotheses were confirmed, with dysfunctional interaction patterns with parents and peers combining additively to account for substantial change variance in depressive symptoms over time. Results are interpreted as highlighting specific behavioral patterns that may be promising to address via psychosocial interventions targeting adolescent depression. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)