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Online social networks became a global phenomenon with enormous social as well as economic impact within a few years. Alone, the most popular online social network, Facebook, counts currently more than 850 million users worldwide. Consequently, online social networks attract a great deal of attention among practitioners as well as researchers. The goal of this article is to provide an overview of online social networks in order to contribute to a better understanding of this worldwide phenomenon. In this context, we address for example the following questions: What are the major functionalities and characteristics of online social networks? What are the users’ motives for using them and how did online social networks emerge and develop over time? What is the impact and value of online social networks from a business perspective and what are corresponding challenges and risks?  相似文献   
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Sheet-bulk metal forming processes combine conventional sheet forming processes with bulk forming of sheet semi-finished parts. In these processes the sheets undergo complex forming histories. Due to in- and out-of-plane material flow and large accumulated plastic strains, the conventional failure prediction methods for sheet metal forming such as forming limit curve fall short. As a remedy, damage models can be applied to model damage evolution during those processes. In this study, damage evolution during the production of two different toothed components from DC04 steel is investigated. In both setups, a deep drawn cup is upset to form a circumferential gearing. However, the two final products have different dimensions and forming histories. Due to combined deep drawing and upsetting processes, the material flow on the cup walls is three-dimensional and non-proportional. In this study, the numerical and experimental investigations for those parts are presented and compared. Damage evolution in the process chains is simulated with a Lemaitre damage criterion. Microstructural analysis by scanning electron microscopy is performed in the regions with high mechanical loading. It is observed that the evolution of voids in terms of void volume fraction is strongly dependent on the deformation path. The comparison of simulation results with microstructural data shows that the void volume fraction decreases in the upsetting stage after an initial increase in the drawing stage. Moreover, the concurrent numerical and microstructural analysis provides evidence that the void volume fraction decreases during compression in sheet-bulk metal forming.  相似文献   
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Working memory (WM) declines prominently during normal aging. The mechanisms underlying this decline are not fully understood. The authors analyzed performance on 2 versions of a 2-back spatial WM task to assess younger and older adults' responses to lures (i.e., nontarget items that match an item earlier in the sequence but not at the current target lag). Results demonstrate lure interference effects that are particularly pronounced among older adults. At the same time, however, older adults showed facilitation for targets. Taken together, these findings suggest that the contribution of familiarity signals to WM performance increases during normal aging. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   
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The temperature dependence of piezoelectric properties (direct piezoelectric coefficient d33, converse piezoelectric coefficient d33(E = 0), strain S and electromechanical coupling coefficient kp) for two niobate‐based lead‐free piezoceramics have been contrasted. 0.92(Na0.5K0.5)NbO3–0.02(Bi1/2Li1/2)TiO3–0.06BaZrO3 (6BZ/2BLT/92NKN) has a morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) between rhombohedral and tetragonal at room temperature and 0.92(Na0.5K0.5)NbO3–0.03(Bi1/2Li1/2)TiO3–0.05BaZrO3 (5BZ/3BLT/92NKN) features an MPB engineered to be located below room temperature. At 30°C, d33d33(E = 0), S (at 2 kV/mm), and kp are 252 pC/N, 230 pm/V, 0.069%, 0.51 for 5BZ/3BLT/92NKN; and 348 pC/N, 380 pm/V, 0.106%, 0.57 for 6BZ/2BLT/92NKN, respectively. With increasing temperature, the piezoelectric properties decrease. At 200°C, d33, d33(E = 0), S (at 2 kV/mm), and kp are 170 pC/N, 160 pm/V, 0.059%, 0.36 for 5BZ/3BLT/92NKN; and 181 pC/N, 190 pm/V, 0.061%, 0.39 for 6BZ/2BLT/92NKN. It is found that the electromechanical coupling coefficient has a better temperature stability than the piezoelectric coefficient in the studied system due to a large temperature‐dependent compliance change. The results demonstrate that engineering an MPB is highly effective in tailoring temperature stability of piezoceramics.  相似文献   
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Flowering plants often use chemical signals to attract their pollinators, and compounds that elicit attraction are known for several groups of pollinators. For other pollinators such as gall midges, however, compounds responsible for their attraction to flowers are largely unknown. Here, we describe the pollination biology of Anthurium acutangulum, a Neotropical aroid species found to be attractive to gall midges. We collected and analyzed its floral scent by dynamic headspace collections and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, and identified compounds responsible for pollinator attraction. The inflorescences were almost exclusively visited by gall midges (females; Cecidomyiidae: Cecidomyiinae) and released a strong scent reminiscent of freshly cut cucumber, mainly (5S,7S)-trans-conophthorin, (E2,Z6)-2,6-nonadienal, and cis-conophthorin. Behavioral assays with the two most abundant compounds identified (E2,Z6)-2,6-nonadienal as being highly attractive to the female gall midge pollinators, whereas (5S,7S)-trans-conophthorin was not attractive. Overall, we introduce a new specialized gall midge pollination system and identify the chemical mediating communication between the pollinators and their host plants.

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