Tonsillar carcinoma: analysis of treatment results

A diffusion cell with an artificial membrane and the single-pass perfused rabbit ear were used to evaluate the percutaneous absorption of clonazepam from various 2-hydroxyethyl acetate (HEA) patches. The influence on drug permeation of the various type of enhancers (isopropylmyristate, lauryl alcohol, propylene glycol and water) in the patches was tested. A comparison between the two types of systems of percutaneous absorption of clonazepam has been done. The results showed that HEA patches produce controlled uniform drug release, modulated by the addition of enhancers.     

Effects of clorazepate, diazepam, and oxazepam on a laboratory measurement of aggression in men

The liver S9 head space vial equilibration technique is an in vitro alternative that holds promises for a satisfactory in vivo extrapolation of liver metabolism of volatile organic chemicals. The aim of this study was to investigate the suitability of this methodology for the extrapolation of in vitro metabolic data from rodent to man by allometry with the two highly metabolized organic solvents toluene and n-hexane as model substances. The calculated hepatic clearance of toluene in man from rodent liver S9 in this study was equal to the reported total body clearance of toluene in man, suggesting insignificant extrahepatic clearance of toluene in humans. The calculated hepatic clearance of n-hexane was less than the reported values of total body clearance of n-hexane in man, indicating an about 80% extrahepatic clearance of n-hexane in humans. Both results are in line with our present knowledge of the metabolism of the two organic solvents in man. Allometric scaling from rodent liver S9 head space incubations to in vivo metabolism of toluene and n-hexane in man thus seems promising and could be a method of choice for scaling of organic solvent metabolism in general.     

Nurses' perceptions of the elements of good supervision

This paper explores the concept of good clinical supervision from the perspective of the nurse being supervised. A focused discussion with a group being supervised was used to develop a questionnaire, which was then given to 50 post-registration students who were receiving formal clinical supervision (seven students were on the ENB higher award and 43 were on ENB clinical award courses). A number of characteristics of good supervision were identified. These were grouped into one of three themes: relevant knowledge, supervisory/teaching skills and personal relationship skills. This paper is part of a larger study that aimed to explore the concept of good clinical supervision from the perspectives of the supervisor, the person being supervised, the professional bodies and nursing lecturers.     

Antimicrobials and competitive exclusion.

The compatibility of commonly used antimicrobial feed additives with CE treatment are examined. It appears that additives permitted in the U.K. are without effect on CE, with the possible exception of avoparcin. However, a sharp difference has been found with the effect of antimicrobials on CE treatment cultures in vitro, and the in vivo effect; and it is postulated that these differences may be accounted for by the fact that the substances may not be 'caecum available' in the bird. When effects are observed in the bird they appear to be largely due to dose variation. In the case of adult birds already infected with Salmonella, the time lapse between completion of antimicrobial treatment and the administration of Broilact will be examined; as well as the selection of appropriate antimicrobial treatment in infected birds prior to the administration of replacement microflora.