Model-based 3-D segmentation of multiple sclerosis lesions in magnetic resonance brain images

Human investigators instinctively segment medical images into their anatomical components, drawing upon prior knowledge of anatomy to overcome image artifacts, noise, and lack of tissue contrast. The authors describe: 1) the development and use of a brain tissue probability model for the segmentation of multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions in magnetic resonance (MR) brain images, and 2) an empirical comparison of the performance of statistical and decision tree classifiers, applied to MS lesion segmentation. Based on MR image data obtained from healthy volunteers, the model provides prior probabilities of brain tissue distribution per unit voxel in a standardized 3-D "brain space". In comparison to purely data-driven segmentation, the use of the model to guide the segmentation of MS lesions reduced the volume of false positive lesions by 50-80%     

用于烯烃复分解反应的钌茚基催化剂的合成研究进展

基于钌金属的烯烃复分解反应现今已成为一种至关重要且快速有效的催化反应类型,在聚合领域以及现代有机合成的应用方面起着改革性的推进作用。作为烯烃复分解反应催化剂的一种,钌茚基催化剂在该领域得到成功应用。结合近年来钌茚基催化剂在烯烃复分解反应中的合成研究进展,简述了其发展过程,介绍了该领域创新性的研究成果,重点论述了一些新型钌茚基催化剂的合成方法,并且探讨了辅助配体的结构对催化剂稳定性和活性的影响,最后对其发展方向以及应用前景进行了展望。     

Life cycle energy and carbon footprint analysis of photovoltaic battery microgrid system in India

Electricity supply in India is from a centralized grid. Many parts of the country experience grid interruptions. Life cycle energy and environmental analysis has been done for a 27 kWp photovoltaic system which acts as grid backup for 3 h outage in an Indian urban residential scenario. This paper discusses energy requirements and carbon emission for a PV storage system for five different battery technologies in Indian context. This can be used as a metric for comparative analysis for new batteries, with an undeveloped market. The energy requirements for the components are quantified and are compared in terms of energy payback time (EPBT) and Net Energy Ratio (NER). All the calculations are done for Indian context. EPBT is found to be in the range of 2–4.5 years for all the systems, while NER is in the range of 6.6–2.52. NaS has the highest emission factor of 0.67 kgCO₂/kWh and the least for NiCd (0.091 kgCO₂/kWh). These factors can be used to select a PV battery option and to target selection of materials and systems based on the reported values.     

Erratum to: Charge transfer in graphene/polymer interfaces for CO2 detection

Nano Research - The order of the authors in the original version of this article was unfortunately incorrect on the first page and the first page of the ESM. Instead of Myungwoo Son1, Yusin Pak1,...     

Periodic orbits: a new language for neuronal dynamics

A new nonlinear dynamical analysis is applied to complex behavior from neuronal systems. The conceptual foundation of this analysis is the abstraction of observed neuronal activities into a dynamical landscape characterized by a hierarchy of "unstable periodic orbits" (UPOs). UPOs are rigorously identified in data sets representative of three different levels of organization in mammalian brain. An analysis based on UPOs affords a novel alternative method of decoding, predicting, and controlling these neuronal systems.     

Selective vapor sorption by polymers and cavitands on acoustic wave sensors: is this molecular recognition?

Selectivity patterns for the sorption of organic vapors from the gas phase into cavitand monolayers on acoustic wave sensors are very similar to those seen for sorption of the same vapors by amorphous polymers, demonstrating that the vapor/cavitand selectivity patterns are determined primarily by solubility interactions. The amorphous polymers serve as controls demonstrating that the three-dimensional structure of a cavitand layer is not primarily responsible for the selectivity observed. Binding and selectivity in the examples cited are governed primarily by general dispersion interactions and not by specific oriented interactions that could lead to molecular recognition.     

Rerouting of the intratemporal facial nerve: an analysis of the literature

Anterior rerouting of the intratemporal facial nerve in the infratemporal fossa approach is employed to access to the jugular bulb, hypotympanum, and lateral skull base, whereas posterior rerouting of the facial nerve, as employed in the transcochlear craniotomy, is most frequently used for surgery of the posterior fossa, cerebellopontine angle, prepontine region, and petrous apex. Facial nerve rerouting may lead to facial paresis or paralysis. This review of the literature is intended to define the physiologic "cost" of these procedures, so that the neurotologic surgeon can determine if the morbidity incurred in these techniques is worth the resultant exposure. Inconsistencies in reporting facial function places into question the validity of some of the cumulative data reported. Postoperatively, grades I-II facial nerve function was seen in 91% of patients undergoing short anterior rerouting, 74% of patients undergoing long anterior rerouting, and 26% of patients undergoing posterior complete rerouting. Although facial nerve rerouting allows unhindered exposure to previously inaccessible regions, it is achieved at the cost of facial nerve function. Facial nerve dysfunction increases with the length of facial nerve rerouted.     

Supramalleolar osteotomy for ankle valgus in myelomeningocele

Oral fibroblasts stimulated invasion of oral-carcinoma cells into the collagen matrix. The mechanisms of the fibroblast-induced stimulation of invasiveness was further investigated by examining cell motility and proteolytic activity of tumor cells, using mainly an adenoid-cystic-carcinoma cell line (ACCS) and normal fibroblasts from gingival tissues. Conditioned medium from the fibroblasts grown in serum-free medium was fractionated on a Superdex 200 pg column, and Peak 1 eluted at 200 to 300 kDa and Peak 2 eluted at 50 to 100 kDa were found to contain different specific activity. Treatment of ACCS cells with Peak 1 resulted in an increase in the production of proteolytic enzymes. Peak 2 stimulated both chemotaxis and chemokinesis of ACCS cells. A chemotactic factor was purified from the heparin-unbound fraction of Peak 2 by anion exchange and hydrophobic chromatography, and was named "fibroblast-derived motility factor (FDMF)". At 1 microg/ml, FDMF stimulated chemotaxis of ACCS cells by 4-fold compared with unstimulated controls. Characterization of the physicochemical properties of FDMF suggested that it might be different from any known motility factors. Exposure of ACCS cells to FDMF resulted in reduced amounts of actin stress fiber in the cytoplasm and induction of tyrosine phosphorylation of several cellular proteins detectable 30 to 60 min after treatment. These FDMF-induced changes were blocked by pre-treatment either with genistein or with pertussis toxin. These findings suggest that FDMF may be a novel protein which stimulates cell motility via a signaling pathway mediated by a pertussis-toxin-sensitive G protein and tyrosine phosphorylation.     

Modelling co-operation in the design of knowledge production systems: The Made In'Coop method

This paper presents the latest developments of the MadeIn 'Coop method for modelling the human-machine and human-human co-operation process, and an application of this method for the design of a more co-operative version of the C³I System CHEOPS. We first consider that the design of software systems for organizations is tied more and more to the perspective of compound Knowledge Production Systems that link humans and machines engaged in a co-operative problem solving process. After exposing the four principles upon which MadeIn 'Coop rests for modelling co-operation, we present an artificial problem solving dialogue between CHEOPS and its users. Consistent with the Group Cognitive Processes Theory framework, we propose a dialogue analysis according to two complimentary points of view: the Collective Problem Solving model, and the Coordination model. This analysis should help system designers to identify new system functionalities to assist problem solving.(C³I) Command Control Communication Intelligence Systems