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31.
Computational modeling of cathodic limitations on localized corrosion of wetted SS 316L at room temperature 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The ability of a SS 316L surface wetted with a thin electrolyte layer to serve as an effective cathode for an active localized corrosion site was studied computationally. The dependence of the total net cathodic current, Inet, supplied at the repassivation potential Erp (of the anodic crevice) on relevant physical parameters including water layer thickness (WL), chloride concentration ([Cl−]) and length of cathode (Lc) were investigated using a three-level, full factorial design. The effects of kinetic parameters including the exchange current density (io,c) and Tafel slope (βc) of oxygen reduction, the anodic passive current density (ip) (on the cathodic surface), and Erp were studied as well using three-level full factorial designs of [Cl−] and Lc with a fixed WL of 25 μm. The study found that all the three parameters WL, [Cl−] and Lc as well as the interactions of Lc × WL and Lc × [Cl−] had significant impact on Inet. A five-factor regression equation was obtained which fits the computation results reasonably well, but demonstrated that interactions are more complicated than can be explained with a simple linear model. Significant effects on Inet were found upon varying either io,c, βc, or Erp, whereas ip in the studied range was found to have little impact. It was observed that Inet asymptotically approached maximum values (Imax) when Lc increased to critical minimum values. Imax can be used to determine the stability of coupled localized corrosion and the critical Lc provides important information for experimental design and corrosion protection. 相似文献
32.
Joo Batista A. Silva Regina C. M. de Paula Judith P. A. Feitosa Eduardo Diogo Gurgel‐Filho Claudio Maniglia‐Ferreira Francisco Jose de Souza Filho 《应用聚合物科学杂志》2006,100(5):4082-4088
Gutta‐percha cone is the most widely used material for root canal filling. The in vivo aging of this cone focus on the degradation of its main organic component, trans‐1,4‐polyisoprene, was studied. Aged cones (25 samples) from 2 to 30 years of root canal filling were extracted from different patients in the occasion of retreatment by mechanical way. The information about the aging time was given by the patients. Gel‐permeation chromatography (GPC) and infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were the analytical techniques used. Polyisoprene degrades with time of aging, but in a slow process. Decrease in polymer molar mass from 5.7 × 105 to 1.7 × 105 g/mol was observed in polyisoprene from cone after 30 years of root canal filling and inside a noninfected tooth. In tooth with caries and periodontal infection, the decrease in molar mass is higher (4.6 × 104 g/mol in cone with 10 years of aging). The production of carbonyl and hydroxyl groups in the aged material indicates that the process is oxidative, even in closed teeth. In these cases, the oxygen could be provided from tissue fluid. The degradation mechanism is complex and depends on many factors, besides time of root canal filling. The dental problem caused by the aging could be the production and migration of cytotoxic substances to periodontal ligament and the reduction on the canal sealing property due to the polymer weight loss. Both of them could contribute to the root canal treatment failure. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100:4082–4088, 2006 相似文献
33.
This paper investigates the observability analysis for linear time systems whose outputs are affected by unknown inputs. Three different definitions of observability are proposed. By introducing the Smith form and comparing the invariant factors, a sufficient condition is deduced for each proposed observability definition. Three examples are given for the purpose of highlighting the effectiveness of the proposed approach. 相似文献
34.
Francisco Zaera 《Topics in Catalysis》2005,34(1-4):129-141
Catalysis is central to most industrial processes for chemical manufacturing. As catalytic processes have become more complex and more demanding, selectivity has become the central issue in their design. Selectivity is defined by the relative rates of competing reaction pathways available to crucial intermediates, and can be controlled by subtle changes in the nature of the catalyst, the reactants, and/or the reaction conditions. In order to be able to do this in a systematic manner, a good understanding of the catalytic reaction mechanisms is needed. Here a connection is drawn between the key elementary steps comprising hydrocarbon conversion reactions on surfaces and those known to occur on discrete organometallic complexes. This way, the hydrogenation, dehydrogenation, hydrogenolysis, chain growth, and isomerization reactions typical in heterogeneous catalysis are redefined in terms of hydride elimination, oxidative addition, reductive elimination, migratory insertion, and 1, 2-shift elementary steps, among others. It is suggested that the knowledge already available from organometallic chemistry can be used to further advance the understanding of the surface science involved in heterogeneous catalysis. Thanks to the commonality of the chemistry involved, a better synergy could also be established between homogeneous and heterogeneous catalytic development. These ideas are discussed in this article in a critical and personal way.*Invited contribution to the special volume entitled The Interface between Heterogeneous and Homogeneous Catalysis, stemming from contributions at the recent International Symposium on Relations between Heterogeneous and Homogeneous Catalysis, and dedicated to the memory of Robert L. Burwell. 相似文献
35.
Alberto Ortiz Francisco Bonnin-Pascual Emilio Garcia-Fidalgo 《Journal of Intelligent and Robotic Systems》2014,76(1):151-167
Vessel maintenance entails periodic visual inspections of the internal and external parts of the hull in order to detect the typical defective situations affecting metallic structures, such as coating breakdown, corrosion, cracks, etc. The main goal of project MINOAS is the automation of the inspection process, currently undertaken by human surveyors, by means of a fleet of robotic agents. This paper overviews an approach to the inspection problem based on an autonomous Micro Aerial Vehicle (MAV) which, as part of this fleet, is in charge of regularly supplying images that can teleport the surveyor from a base station to the areas of the hull to be inspected. The control software approach adopted for the MAV is fully described, with a special emphasis on the self-localization capabilities of the vehicle. Experimental results showing the suitability of the platform to the application are as well reported and discussed. 相似文献
36.
We present a method for foreground/background video segmentation (change detection) in real-time that can be used, in applications such as background subtraction or analysis of surveillance cameras. Our approach implements a probabilistic segmentation based on the Quadratic Markov Measure Field models. This framework regularizes the likelihood of each pixel belonging to each one of the classes (background or foreground). We propose a new likelihood that takes into account two cases: the first one is when the background is static and the foreground might be static or moving (Static Background Subtraction), the second one is when the background is unstable and the foreground is moving (Unstable Background Subtraction). Moreover, our likelihood is robust to illumination changes, cast shadows and camouflage situations. We implement a parallel version of our algorithm in CUDA using a NVIDIA Graphics Processing Unit in order to fulfill real-time execution requirements. 相似文献
37.
Engracia Madejón Pilar Burgos Rafael López Francisco Cabrera 《Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems》2003,65(3):281-288
Disposal of urban, agricultural and industrial organic residues impliesan increasing problem because of all the economic and environmentalrepercussions involved. One of the most adequate ways of managing this problemis the agricultural use of these wastes as organic amendments. Three organicresidues (AC, olive mill waste water sludge compost; MWC, municipal solid wastecompost; and PS, paper mill sludge) were used in a 3-year field experimentinvolving orange production. The effect of their application on crop productionand on soil quality was investigated. Soil samples (0–20 cm depth)collected 11 months after the last soil amendment were analysed for: pH and EC,Kjeldahl-N, available-P, available-K, total organic carbon, humic substances,dehydrogenase, phosphatase, -glucosidase, urease andbenzoyl-argininamidehydrolysing protease (BAA-protease) activities. Generally, the application of the MWC and PSincreased orange yield when compared to control. Moreover, total organic carbonand humic substances significantly increased in soils treated with all theorganic amendments. Organic fertilisation increased the Kjeldahl-N andavailable-P contents of the soil. The application of the organic residues also causedsignificant increases in dehydrogenase, -glucosidase, urease andBAA-protease activities of the soil. Significant positive correlations (p <0.01) between these enzymatic activities and total organic carbon were foundforall treatments. Significant positive correlation between dehydrogenase, urease,-glucosidase, and BAA-protease and orange yield was also found. However,a clear inhibition of phosphatase activity was observed in soils treated withPS. The results indicate that the repeated application to the soil of moderateamounts of organic amendments has positive effects on the chemical andbiochemical properties of the soil, as well as on the orange yield. 相似文献
38.
Laura Gosalbo Mireia Barrot Gemma Fabriás Gemma Arsequell Francisco Camps 《Lipids》1993,28(12):1125-1130
To develop a synthesis of tritiated cyclopropene fatty acids (CPFA), compounds that should prove useful for affinity labeling
of desaturases in insect pheromone biosynthetic studies, a series of novel, selectively deuterated CPFA analogues was prepared
and characterized. In methyl [16-2H]12,13-methylene-12-hexadecenoate, the incorporation of deuterium was achieved by treatment of the corresponding ω-chloro
derivative with sodium borodeuteride in dimethylsulfoxide at 70°C for 24 h (67% yield) following conventional procedures.
Alkylation of the tetrahydropyranyl derivative of 13-tridecynol in the presence of lithium diisopropylamide in tetrahydrofuran
at −20°C with 1-chloro-3-iodopropane in hexamethylphosphoramide, followed by Jones oxidation of the crude product, yielded
16-chloro-12-hexadecynoic acid (54%), which was esterified to the corresponding methyl ester by treatment with potassium carbonate
and methyl iodide in dimethylformamide. Treatment of this acetylenic ester with ethyldiazoacetate in the presence of activated
copper-bronze as catalyst followed by hydrolysis in KOH solution at room temperature yielded 16-chloro-12,13-(carboxymethylene)-12-hexadecenoic
acid. This diacid was treated with excess oxalyl chloride to give the corresponding diacyl chloride, which was decarbonylated
in a diethyl ether solution with zinc chloride, and the cyclopropenium ions thus formed were added at −40°C to a methanolic
sodium hydroxide solution of sodium borohydride to give methyl 16-chloro-12,13-methylene-12-hexadecenoate. Analogous procedures
were followed to prepare methyl [17-2H]10,11-methylene-10-hexadecenoate, methyl [17-2H]11,12-methylene-11-hexadecenoate and methyl [17-2H]12,13-methylene-12-hexadecenoate from the corresponding diacids using sodium borodeuteride in the reduction of the cyclopropenium
ions. Alternatively, methyl [2,2,3,3-2H4]hexadecynoate, prepared by reaction of methyl 2,11-hexadecadiynoate with magnesium in deuterated methanol at room temperature,
was submitted to the above cyclopropenylation and reductive decarbonylation sequence to give methyl [2,2,3,3,17-2H5]-11,12-methylene-11-hexadecenoate. In summary, complementary methods for the selective incorporation of one to five deuterium
atoms into cyclopropene fatty acids, at different sites, in moderate to high yields have been developed. The methods should
easily be applicable to the preparation of the corresponding tritiated analogues. 相似文献
39.
Worldwide, cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in women, after breast cancer. The prevalence of this malignant disease is estimated at 1.4 million cases worldwide, causing about 290,000 deaths and 500,000 new cases per year, of which 80% correspond to women living in developing countries. In this work we propose a family of ordered models for basal cells of the cervix corresponding to different stages ranging from normal cells to the formation of precancerous lesions. We analyse the first member of the family analytically and for the second member we developed a non-standard numerical method in order to extract some biological information. 相似文献
40.
Francisco Salmerón-Miranda Birgitta Båth Henrik Eckersten Johannes Forkman Maria Wivstad 《Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems》2007,79(2):125-139
The main objective of this field study was to estimate the total plant uptake of soil mineral N in maize (Zea mays L.) and common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) grown in crop rotations under different N content in Nicaragua. Secondary objectives were to estimate the fraction of
the measured soil mineral N content taken up in this way, and to determine how the measured N in plant aboveground parts was
related to the total mineral N uptake. A large variation in N content was obtained by using data from fertilisation experiments.
Plant total N uptake was estimated as the residual N in a mass balance calculation of soil mineral N. Mineral N content in
the top 0–0.3 m soil layer in the field cultivations and in tubes isolated from root uptake, and N content in aboveground
plant parts were measured every 30 days. Estimated plant total uptake of soil mineral N varied considerably (2.5–14 g N m−2 30 day−1) over periods and N treatments. The range of variation was similar for maize and bean. The fraction of the soil mineral N
that was taken up by the plant daily varied more in maize (about 0.03–0.12 day−1) than in bean (about 0.05–0.08 day−1). Our results suggest that monthly changes in N in aboveground plant parts were linearly related to plant total N uptake
during the same period. Aboveground plant N constituted between about 55% and 80% of total uptake of soil mineral N in maize
depending on period within season, whereas for bean it was more constant and smaller (about 40%). 相似文献