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51.
A novel supercritical-gas (toluene) extract, comprising 17.0% of a low-rank coal, was separated by a combination of solvent fractionation and both silica-gel and gel-permeation chromatography. The average structure of the soluble fractions, together amounting to 85% of the extract, was investigated by a variety of spectroscopic methods, including high-resolution 1H nuclear magnetic resonance, proton-decoupled pulse Fourier transform 13C magnetic resonance, infrared and low-ionizing-voltage mass spectrometry. Analyses were also made by gas chromatography. The results for the low-oxygen fractions are consistent with a generally open-chain polynuclear aromatic average structure with about 33% of the available sites carrying alkyl substituents. The most common of these is methyl, but there are also substantial numbers of longer-chain alkyls, some branched, and naphthenic groups. The fractions rich in oxygen also have similar structure but for the presence of phenolic hydroxyl groups, and, as is demonstrated for the first time by 13C n.m.r., ether oxygen links. Aliphatic constituents are mainly straight-chain alkanes with some branched-chain and isoprenoid hydrocarbons. These conclusions are discussed in terms of the thermal history of the extract and are compared with other contemporary views on the low-molecular-weight constituents of coal. 相似文献
52.
This paper overviews the International Standards Organization–Linguistic Annotation Framework (ISO–LAF) developed in ISO TC37 SC4. We describe the XML serialization of ISO–LAF, the Graph Annotation Format (GrAF) and discuss the rationale behind the various decisions that were made in determining the standard. We describe the structure of the GrAF headers in detail and provide multiple examples of GrAF representation for text and multi-media. Finally, we discuss the next steps for standardization of interchange formats for linguistic annotations. 相似文献
53.
Maureen Bafor Allan Keith Stobart Sten Stymne 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1990,67(4):217-225
Microsomal membrane preparations from the developing seeds of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius, var. Gila) and turnip-rape (Brassica campestris, var. Bele) catalyzed the assembly of triacylglycerols (triglycerides) from sn-glycerol 3-phosphate and acyl-CoA. The membrane
preparations were used to assess the acyl specificity properties of the initial acylating enzymes—glycerol 3-phosphate acyltransferase
(GPAT) and 1-acylglycerol 3-phosphate acyltransferase (lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase, LPAAT)—that are responsible
for the fatty acids at positions sn-1 and sn-2 of the sn-triacylglycerol, respectively. In spectrophotometric assays it was
possible to evaluate, to some extent, how these enzymes will utilize unusual and foreign fatty acids that are not normally
found in these particular plant species. The acylating enzymes from both plants used, to varying extents, a comprehensive
range of acyl-CoA donor species and some kinetic properties of the substrates involved are presented. The enzymes from safflower,
however, were generally the more selective, whereas the turnip-rape was less particular and could utilize a range of acyl
substrates. The enzymes from both plants hardly utilized erucate (C22∶1), and the significance of this is discussed in terms
of mechanisms which have evolved in order to exclude certain, perhaps detrimental, fatty acids from structural membrane lipids
and dedicate them to storage lipid assembly.
The ability of the microsomal preparations, from the developing seeds of both plants, to synthesize cocoabutter type fats
was investigated. Microsomal membranes were incubated with glycerol 3-phosphate and equimolar amounts of palmitate, oleate
and stearate. Safflower preparations catalyzed the construction of sn-triacylglycerol with largely palmitate, oleate and stearate
in positions sn-1, 2 and 3, respectively. The selectivity for acyl species in rape was less pronounced, however, substantial
saturated-unsaturated-saturated oils were still produced. The results are discussed in terms of the acyl selectivity properties
of the glycerol acylating enzymes. It is evident that given the correct composition of fatty acids, the plant can produce
cocoabutter or other exotic fats. 相似文献
54.
Norman S. Allen Kenneth O. Fatinikun A.Keith Davies Barry J. Parsons Glyn O. Phillips 《Dyes and Pigments》1981,2(3):219-229
The photofading of two anthraquinone dyes has been studied in aqueous solution using ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy and flash photolysis. The influence of alcohol concentration, pH, atmosphere, photosensitisers and stabilisers have been examined and these lead to some important conclusions on the mechanism of dye fading. Essentially, the results indicate the photoexcited triplet state of the dye undergoes a process of either electron or hydrogen-atom abstraction depending on the nature of the environment. Other factors such as aggregation and singlet oxygen also appear to play an important role in solution photofading. The relevance of these results to photofading in a polymeric phase is discussed. 相似文献
55.
Sex phermone components of mulberry looper,Hemerophila atrilineata butler (lepidoptera: Geometridae)
Zhong-Xing Tan Regine Gries Gerhard Gries Guo-Qiang Lin Guan-Qin Pu Keith N. Slessor Jianxiong Li 《Journal of chemical ecology》1996,22(12):2263-2271
(6Z-9S, 10R)-Epoxy-octadecene (SR-1) and (3Z, 6Z-9S, 10R)-epoxy-octadecadiene (SR-2) are sex pheromone components of the mulberry looper (MBL),Hemerophila atrilineata Butler. Compounds extracted from female MBL pheromone glands were identified by coupled gas chromatographic-electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) and GC-mass spectrometry. In field experiments in China,SR-2,RS-2, or both combined were hardly attractive, butSR-2 in combination withSR-1 attracted significant numbers of MBL males. Synergistic behavioral activity ofSR-1 plusSR-2, but not of corresponding antipode mixtures, indicates enantiospecificity of MBL pheromone communication. Because blends of racemic and enantiospecific (SR)1 plus2 were similarly attractive, racemic1 plus2 may have potential for mass trapping or confusion of MBL males in commercial mulberry plantations. 相似文献
56.
Branched-chain/cyclic alkanes have been obtained, by solvent extraction and molecular-sieve adsorption, from a UK low-temperature (Rexco) coal tar, a USA fluidized-bed pyrolysis (FMC COED) coal tar, and a novel supercritical-gas-extract of a Turkish (Elbistan) lignite. Mass spectrometry (with gas chromatography and field-desorption) established the presence of mono-, di (including sesquiterpanes), tri-, tetra- (steranes only), and pentacyclic (triterpanes only) alkanes, including several steranes and triterpanes not previously reported as coal-tar constituents. The potential of cyclic alkanes as geochemical markers, even for commercial coal products subjected to appreciable heat treatment, is demonstrated by the identification of C12, C13, C15 and C16 dicyclics (including isoprenoid alkanes), C17-C26 tricyclics, and C27 and C29 hopane-type pentacyclics (triterpanes) in FMC, and of C16-C38 monocyclics, C34-C36 dicyclics, C22-C36 tricyclics, C27-C30 tetracyclics (steranes), and C27, C29, C30, C31, C32, and C33 hopane-type pentacyclics (triterpanes) in Rexco tar. Tetra- and pentacyclic alkanes were also preserved in the lignite extract. 相似文献
57.
Smart card technology has evolved over the last few years following notable improvements in the underlying hardware and software platforms. Advanced smart card microprocessors, along with robust smart card operating systems and platforms, contribute towards a broader acceptance of the technology. These improvements have eliminated some of the traditional smart card security concerns. However, researchers and hackers are constantly looking for new issues and vulnerabilities. In this article we provide a brief overview of the main smart card attack categories and their corresponding countermeasures. We also provide examples of well-documented attacks on systems that use smart card technology (e.g. satellite TV, EMV, proximity identification) in an attempt to highlight the importance of the security of the overall system rather than just the smart card. 相似文献
58.
For many years, public transportation systems have been an essential part of day-to-day life and so the principle of needing a “ticket” has been familiar to generations of travellers. However as technology has advanced it has become possible to make use of electronic tickets that have significant advantages both for travellers and for the transport system operators. There has been a lot of recent publicity regarding weaknesses in some electronic ticket solutions; which whilst based on some solid facts tend to suggest that transport ticket security and fraud control is primarily a smart card/RFID technology issue. However this cannot be the case as systems exist that do not use such technology; or use it along side legacy systems. This paper will consider technology problems, but will first establish the bigger picture of transport ticketing and will finally make suggestions for future evolution of such systems. 相似文献
59.
Ye Chen Keith W. Hipel D. Marc Kilgour Yuming Zhu 《Environmental Modelling & Software》2009,24(5):647-654
Brownfield redevelopment (BR) is an ongoing issue for governments, communities, and consultants around the world. It is also an increasingly popular research topic in several academic fields. Strategic decision support that is now available for BR is surveyed and assessed. Then a dominance-based rough-set approach is developed and used to classify cities facing BR issues according to the level of two characteristics, BR effectiveness and BR future needs. The data for the classification are based on the widely available results of a survey of US cities. The unique features of the method are its reduced requirement for preference information, its ability to handle missing information effectively, and the easily understood linguistic decision rules that it generates, based on a training classification provided by experts. The resulting classification should be a valuable aid to cities and governments as they plan their BR projects and budgets. 相似文献
60.
Cover KS 《The Review of scientific instruments》2008,79(5):055106
The concept of rejecting the null hypothesis for definitively detecting a signal was extended to relaxation spectrum space for multiexponential reconstruction. The novel test was applied to the problem of detecting the myelin signal, which is believed to have a time constant below 40 ms, in T2 decays from magnetic resonance imagining of the human brain. It was demonstrated that the test allowed the detection of a signal in a relaxation spectrum by using only the information in the data, thus avoiding any potentially unreliable prior information. The test was implemented both explicitly and implicitly for simulated T2 measurements. For the explicit implementation, the null hypothesis was that a relaxation spectrum existed that had no signal below 40 ms and that was consistent with the T2 decay. The confidence level by which the null hypothesis could be rejected gave the confidence level that there was signal below the 40 ms time constant. The explicit implementation assessed the test's performance with and without prior information where the prior information was the non-negative relaxation spectrum assumption. The test was also implemented implicitly with a data conserving multiexponential reconstruction algorithm that used left invertible matrices and that has been published previously. The implicit and explicit implementations demonstrated similar characteristics in detecting the myelin signal in both the simulated and experimental T2 decays, providing additional evidence to support the close link between the two tests. When the relaxation spectrum was assumed to be non-negative, the novel test required signal to noise ratios (SNRs) approaching 1000 in the T2 decays for detection of the myelin signal with high confidence. When the relaxation spectrum was not assumed to be non-negative, the SNR requirements for a detection with high confidence increased by a factor of 25. The application of the test to a T2 decay from human white matter, measured in vivo with a SNR of 650, demonstrated a solid detection of the signal below 40 ms believed to be due to the myelin water. This study demonstrated the robustness and reliability of extending the concept of rejecting the null hypothesis to relaxation spectrum space. The study also raised serious questions about the susceptibility to false positive detection of the myelin signal of the multiexponential reconstruction algorithms currently in use. 相似文献