Highly Scalable Embedded Flash Memory With Deep Trench Isolation and Novel Buried Bitline Integration for the 90-nm Node and Beyond

In this paper, we embedded a Flash memory cell with 90-nm ground-rules in a high-performance CMOS logic process. A novel deep trench isolation (DTI) module enables an isolated p-well (IPW) bias scheme, leading to Flash with uniform channel program/erase by Fowler-Nordheim tunneling without gate induced drain leakage, a key feature for low-power portable electronics. The IPW concept leads to a compact cell design and a highly scalable high-voltage periphery through the narrow intrawell and interwell isolation spaces. The memory arrays are defined by DTI of each bitline (BL) from its neighboring BLs. We additionally present a buried BL (BBL) concept that links the source contacts of each individual BL via the IPW; thus, effectively eliminating one metal line per BL and reducing overall cell size. A conservative cell size shrink of about 40% can be achieved for a uniform channel program/erase-Flash cell with deep trench and BBL compared to a conventional 21F²cell.     

Integrated assessment of global climate change with learning-by-doing and energy-related research and development

This paper presents a small-scale version of an Integrated Assessment Model (IAM) of global climate change, which is based on a global, regionally differentiated computable general equilibrium (CGE) model with endogenous technological change. This model can be viewed as a basic framework for analyzing a broad range of economic issues related to climate change, in particular since technological change is represented in two ways: on the one hand, there is learning-by-doing (LbD) in non-fossil energy supply technologies, and on the other hand there is research and development (R&D)-driven energy-saving technical progress in production. Computational experiments are added for illustrating the role of technological innovation in a world both with and without cooperation in the solution of the global climate problem.     

In vitro microbial metabolism of fumonisin B1

There is a lack of information on the effect of swine caecal microbiota on fumonisin metabolism. In this in vitro study, the biotransformation of fumonisin B₁ (FB₁) by the gut microbiota of adult, healthy pigs was examined. Suspensions of caecal contents and McDougall buffer solution were incubated anaerobically with pure FB₁ for 0, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h. After 48 h, the conversion of FB₁ to partially hydrolysed FB₁ (46%) was nearly equal to the percentage ratio of FB₁, while by 72 h it was 49%. In vitro, the conversion of fumonisin B₁ to aminopentol was less than 1%. The results show that the caecal microbiota are capable of transforming fumonisin B₁ to the above metabolites. Further studies on FB₁ metabolism in the small intestine are clearly justified.     

TOF-LEIS spectra of Ga/Si: Peak shape analysis

Low energy ion scattering (LEIS) is used to characterize Ga layers deposited onto Si(1 1 1)-(7 × 7) substrates at different deposition temperatures. The Ga/Si system exhibits a pronounced 3D island growth and thus is a suitable object to investigate the relation between LEIS-peak shapes and the morphology of thin films. It is shown that up to a certain critical depth (a few MLs) the single scattering component can be used as a measure of the number of surface Ga atoms per unit area. If a higher amount of Ga is deposited, the single scattering model is not valid anymore and multiple scattering becomes significant. The Ga peak starts to be asymmetric with a well developed multiple scattering component. Such a component can be utilized for the observation of the morphology of the layers. It was found that the more intensive the 3D growth of adsorbed Ga atoms on the Si(1 1 1) substrate, the more pronounced is the multiple scattering yield for a given amount of Ga.     

Zyklisch viskoelastisch‐viskoplastischer Stoffansatz nichtbindiger Böden und Schotter

Cyclic viscoelastic‐viscoplastic constitutiv approach for granular soils and ballast. In modern track building, in particular railway tracks, grain stability and long‐term behaviour of non‐cohesive soils and ballast have gained importance. Especially the capacity of conventional ballasted tracks are of major interest. The developed cyclic viscoelastic‐viscoplastic constitutive approach presented in the actual work describes the long term plastic and elastic material behaviour. Major dependencies are defined by loading conditions and states of stress. With a numerical model implemented, the modelling of the plastic deformation behaviour of complex three dimensional structures under cyclic loading is made possible too.     

Influence of Hot Band Annealing on Cold-Rolled Microstructure and Recrystallization in AA 6016

Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A - The influence of an intermediate heat treatment at the end of hot rolling and before cold rolling on Cube texture formation during the final solution...     

MUG Mel3 Cell Lines Reflect Heterogeneity in Melanoma and Represent a Robust Model for Melanoma in Pregnancy

Melanomas are aggressive tumors with a high metastatic potential and an increasing incidence rate. They are known for their heterogeneity and propensity to easily develop therapy-resistance. Nowadays they are one of the most common cancers diagnosed during pregnancy. Due to the difficulty in balancing maternal needs and foetal safety, melanoma is challenging to treat. The aim of this study was to provide a potential model system for the study of melanoma in pregnancy and to illustrate melanoma heterogeneity. For this purpose, a pigmented and a non-pigmented section of a lymph node metastasis from a pregnant patient were cultured under different conditions and characterized in detail. All four culture conditions exhibited different phenotypic, genotypic as well as tumorigenic properties, and resulted in four newly established melanoma cell lines. To address treatment issues, especially in pregnant patients, the effect of synthetic human lactoferricin-derived peptides was tested successfully. These new BRAF-mutated MUG Mel3 cell lines represent a valuable model in melanoma heterogeneity and melanoma pregnancy research. Furthermore, treatment with anti-tumor peptides offers an alternative to conventionally used therapeutic options—especially during pregnancy.