Assessment and evaluation of the radiological situation in the late phase of a nuclear accident

An overview of existing approaches on assessing and evaluating the radiological situation in the late phase of a nuclear accident is given in this paper. Special attention is paid to the weak points of existing approaches and to problems to be solved in the future. Assessment of the radiological situation can be based on both monitoring data and model predictions. Approaches have been developed for many years in both categories and have meanwhile reached some kind of maturity and also operational applicability. Nevertheless, some areas exist where significant improvements could be achieved in the near future, e.g. by combining monitoring data and model predictions, by improving the modelling of urban areas or by improving existing radioecological models.     

Unter welchen Voraussetzungen bewähren sich Korrosionsschutzauskleidungen aus Fluorkunststoff-Folien

Under what conditions are anticorrosion liners made from fluorinated plastic film effective ? Equipment lined with fluorinated plastics is nowadays making a major contribution to the solution of difficult materials problems. If such equipment is to be used successfully, it is essential that its manufacturer is familiar with the specific properties of the lining materials and takes them into account in the design and production of the equipment. However, it is just as important for the operator to adjust to the material when operating the plant. On the basis of many years of experience, the most important problems associated with loose liners made from polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) – viz. leakproofness and permeability of the liner, flange system, dimensional stability towards vacuum, handling, and installation – are indicated and possible solutions stated.     

Verfahrenstechnik für den Umweltschutz

Industrial process engineering and environmental protection . Industrial process engineering involves not only the realization of chemical-physical processes but also the optimization of the economics of a plant and the minimization of environment pollution. Since the incorporation of additional facilities in a process for the reduction of emission has been brought to a high technical standard in recent years, more and more attention will now be directed to achieving a high selectivity in favor of the product in the chemical reaction by suitable process control. It is shown with the aid of schematically represented mass balances and cost diagrams that emission can be reduced by process engineering optimization of a process, leading to a decrease in both the costs incurred from environmental pollution and the costs for the preventative measures taken.     

Entschwefelung von Eisenschmelzen über die Schlackenphase unter oxidierenden Bedingungen

Darstellung und Eigenschaften der festen Oxidsulfide. Das Oxid-Sulfid-System Fe–FeO_n–CaO–CaS–FeS. Schwefelverteilung zwischen dicalciumsilicatgesättigten Schlacken und der Eisenphase. Sulfide und Oxidsulfide in erstarrten dicalciumsilicatgesättigten Schlacken. Metallurgische Schlußfolgerungen.     

Planung von Korrosionsschutzarbeiten bei Neubauten

Planning of Works Involving Prevention of Corrosion in New Buildings Like all other constructional procedures the works involving prevention of corrosion must also be carefully planned within the constructional programme. This is possible if during planning, the specialist for the prevention of corrosion obtains an insight of the plan along with all the individual objects. Consequently, the specialist determines the preventive measures like derusting, coating or metallizing for each of the objects. Choice of the systems for the prevention of corrosion is dependent on the amount of stresses which the object concerned has to endure later. In his orders and contracts the customer should exactly specify the services required.     

Classification of rheumatoid joint inflammation based on laser imaging

We describe a classification system for a novel imaging method for arthritic finger joints. The basis of this system is a laser imaging technique which is sensitive to the optical characteristics of finger joint tissue. From the laser images acquired at baseline and follow-up, finger joints can automatically be classified according to whether the inflammatory status has improved or worsened. To perform the classification task, various linear and kernel-based systems were implemented and their performances were compared. Based on the results presented in this paper, we conclude that the laser-based imaging permits a reliable classification of pathological finger joints, making it a sensitive method for detecting arthritic changes.     

Synthesis of cubic zirconium and hafnium nitride having Th3P4 structure

High-pressure synthesis is a powerful method for the preparation of novel materials with high elastic moduli and hardness. Additionally, such materials may exhibit interesting thermal, optoelectronic, semiconductuing, magnetic or superconducting properties. Here, we report on the high-pressure synthesis of zirconium and hafnium nitrides with the stoichiometry M3N4, where M = Zr, Hf. Synthesis experiments were performed in a laser-heated diamond anvil cell at pressures up to 18 GPa and temperatures up to 3,000 K. We observed formation of cubic Zr3N4 and Hf3N4 (c-M3N4) with a Th3P4-structure, where M-cations are eightfold coordinated by N anions. The c-M3N4 phases are the first binary nitrides with such a high coordination number. Both compounds exhibit high bulk moduli around 250 GPa, which indicates high hardness. Moreover, the new nitrides, c-Zr3N4 and c-Hf3N4, may be the first members of a larger group of transition metal and/or lanthanide nitrides with interesting ferromagnetic or superconducting behaviour.     

User Modeling in Human–Computer Interaction

A fundamental objective of human–computer interaction research is to make systems more usable, more useful, and to provide users with experiences fitting their specific background knowledge and objectives. The challenge in an information-rich world is not only to make information available to people at any time, at any place, and in any form, but specifically to say the right thing at the right time in the right way. Designers of collaborative human–computer systems face the formidable task of writing software for millions of users (at design time) while making it work as if it were designed for each individual user (only known at use time). User modeling research has attempted to address these issues. In this article, I will first review the objectives, progress, and unfulfilled hopes that have occurred over the last ten years, and illustrate them with some interesting computational environments and their underlying conceptual frameworks. A special emphasis is given to high-functionality applications and the impact of user modeling to make them more usable, useful, and learnable. Finally, an assessment of the current state of the art followed by some future challenges is given.