Simulation of boil-off losses during transfer at a LH2 based hydrogen refueling station

Losses along the LH₂ pathway are intrinsic to the utilization of a cryogenic fluid. They occur when the fluid is transferred between 2 vessels (liquefaction plant to trailer, trailer to station storage, station storage to pump or compressor, then possibly onto fuel cell electric vehicles …) and when it is warmed up due to heat transfer with the environment. Those losses can be estimated with good accuracy using thermodynamic models based on the conservation of mass and energy, provided that the thermodynamic states are correctly described. Indeed, the fluid undergoes various changes as it moves along the entire pathway (2 phase transition, sub-cooled liquid phase, super-heated warming, non-uniform temperature distributions across the saturation film) and accurate equations of state and 2 phase behavior implementations are essential. The balances of mass and energy during the various dynamics processes then enable to quantify the boil-off losses. In this work, a MATLAB code previously developed by NASA to simulate rocket loading is used as the basis for a LH₂ transfer model. This code implements complex physical phenomena such as the competition between condensation and evaporation and the convection vs. conduction heat transfer as a function of the relative temperatures on both sides of the saturated film. The original code was modified to consider real gas equations of state, and some semi-empirical relationships, such as between the heat of vaporization and the critical temperature, were replaced by a REFPROP equivalent expression, assumed to be more accurate. Non-constant liquid temperature equations were added to simulate sub-cooled conditions. The model shows that under environmental heat transfer only the liquid phase of a LH₂ vessel would experience cooling, while the boil-off is mainly a result of evaporation from the saturation film onto the vapor phase. Under the conditions assumed for this work, it was also concluded that the actual LH₂ density was lower than the corresponding saturation density given by the working pressure of the vessel. During a bottom fill transfer, for example from a LH₂ trailer to an on-site stationary vessel, it is shown that the boil-off losses are due to the compression of the vapor phase (“pdV” force). The model indicates that the magnitude of those losses is not dependent on the regulated pressure in the receiving vessel but is rather a function of the initial pressure in the vessel, amounting to more than 12% of losses for a vessel initially at 100 psia. At last, the model is used to estimate the amount of vapor H₂ vented when depressurizing a LH₂ trailer following a LH₂ delivery.     

Turbulent mixing and molecular transport in highly under-expanded hydrogen jets

Highly under-expanded hydrogen jets releasing in quiescent air atmosphere are studied using highly resolved numerical simulations accounting for complex multicomponent molecular transport phenomena. In a first step of the analysis, the main overall features of the hydrogen jet structure are described and compared to those of the classical under-expanded air jet at the same nozzle pressure ratio (NPR). Even if the global flow topology remains quite similar in both cases (i.e., hydrogen and air discharges), the modification of both mean density and mean velocity gradients leads to different relative energy levels for each velocity component. The corresponding change of fluid properties mainly leads to an enhanced mixing at the jet periphery. In comparison to the air case, the turbulence development within the internal part of the under-expanded hydrogen jet surrounding the subsonic core also yields a different structure. While a significantly higher peak of streamwise turbulent stress is observed downstream of the reflected shock, the vorticity dynamics is dampened by viscous diffusion and velocity divergence (i.e., volumetric expansion) contributions. Then, the performance of the simplified Hirschfelder and Curtiss approximation of the multicomponent molecular diffusion phenomena is evaluated with respect to the detailed multicomponent transport representation, as deduced from the EGLIB library. The detailed representation of molecular phenomena is shown to have a significant influence on the estimated local levels of hydrogen mass flux, leading to a non-negligible alteration of the global jet structure.     

Virtual reality for ambulance simulation environment

Multimedia Tools and Applications - Simulations are beneficial in evaluating clinicians’ empirical competencies through practical skills, prioritizing, and decision-making as part of patient...     

A review on the applied techniques of exhaled airflow and droplets characterization

In the last two decades, multidisciplinary research teams worked on developing a comprehensive understanding of the transmission mechanisms of airborne diseases. This article reviews the experimental studies on the characterization of the exhaled airflow and the droplets, comparing the measured parameters, the advantages, and the limitations of each technique. To characterize the airflow field, the global flow-field techniques—high-speed photography, schlieren photography, and PIV—are applied to visualize the shape and propagation of the exhaled airflow and its interaction with the ambient air, while the pointwise measurements provide quantitative measurements of the velocity, flow rate, humidity and temperature at a single point in the flow field. For the exhaled droplets, intrusive techniques are used to characterize the size distribution and concentration of the droplets' dry residues while non-intrusive techniques can measure the droplet size and velocity at different locations in the flow field. The evolution of droplets' size and velocity away from the source has not yet been thoroughly experimentally investigated. Besides, there is a lack of information about the temperature and humidity fields composed by the interaction of the exhaled airflow and the ambient air.     

Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of (−) and (+)-Spiroleucettadine and Analogues

A second-generation enantiospecific synthesis of spiroleucettadine is described. The original reported antibacterial activity was not observed when the experiment was repeated on the synthetic samples; however, significant anti-proliferative activity was uncovered for both enantiomers of spiroleucettadine. Comparison of the optical rotational data and ORD-CD spectra of both enantiomers and the reported spectrum from the natural source have not provided a definitive answer regarding the absolute stereochemistry of naturally occurring spiroleucettadine. Efforts then focussed on alteration at the C-4 and C-5 positions of the slightly more active (−)-spiroleucettadine. Ten analogues were synthesised, with three analogues found to possess similar anti-proliferative profiles to spiroleucettadine against the H522 lung cancer cell line.     

A protocol to assess the seismic criticality of existing small concrete dams

Dams are critical infrastructures whose failure would entail serious consequences for community safety. Although large dams represent the most dangerous items, small size dams may be critical, as a large number of these constructions are built in the proximity to inhabited zones. Earthquake is one of the hazards that may affect an existing dam. To assess safety and plan investments, dam owners need to create prioritisation sequences of interventions through a protocol considering technical, political and societal aspects. It is presented herein a specific procedure, based on a multi-criteria analysis with a rapid screening survey of the infrastructures, which addresses to classify the seismic criticality of dams considering the effects (in terms of loss of life and property) of a failure scenario subsequent to an earthquake. A protocol is used to define a prioritisation of interventions that mitigate the seismic risk. It has been applied to a group of 9 small concrete dams and 17 fixed weirs, built from 1920 to 1990 in Aosta Valley (Italy). As a result, about 30% of the existing dams, which are more vulnerable than fixed weirs, shows the highest level of seismic criticality, and needs to be retrofitted in accordance with the current standards.     

Numerical simulation of the fire behaviour of façade equipped with aluminium composite material‐based claddings—Model validation at intermediate scale

Increasing the energy performance of buildings is a crucial sustainable development objective. However, building features, products, mounting, and fixing of façade components have a large impact on fire safety. Authors in previous study performed façade fire propagation tests according to ISO13785‐1 on different combinations of ACM claddings and insulants. In this paper, simulations are performed to reproduce three of these tests. The model is validated with the aforementioned experimental results, including details in terms of thermal conditions in the system. This allows better understanding of the fire propagation on the overall system. Additional information, such as the relative contribution of the cladding and the insulant, are investigated numerically. The fire behaviour of each component of the overall system is thus validated. Simulations and tests performed show that the ACM cladding is the most important element driving the global fire behaviour of façade types considered. In particular, ACM‐PE–based cladding systems show large fire propagation whatever the insulant. This series of simulations is a part of a larger study including several steps of increasing complexity. Once the model for the fire behaviour of façade system is validated at intermediate scale, larger façade systems will be investigated numerically to evaluate the influence of scaling.     

Stress distribution in lubricated vs unlubricated pharmaceutical powder columns and their container walls during translational and torsional shear testing

In this work, it has been shown that, in a FT4 torsional type powder shear tester, when the powder formulation contains a lubricant/glidant agent, such as magnesium stearate, the shearing process does not take place within the bulk solid in certain low wall friction conditions. Instead, the powder acts as a monolithic block and the shear process occurs between the powder cake surfaces and the vessel walls. In these cases, the FT4 shear tester fails to measure yield loci properly. Introducing a grooved surface at the bottom of the shear cell is proposed to solve this problem. With it solved, shear test comparisons between Jenike and FT4 shear testers revealed that there was good agreement for some bulk solids (i.e. Xylitol), whereas in other cases (i.e. microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and dicalcium phosphate (DCP)), there was not. Two numerical stress state models proposed in the literature—Janssen analysis and method of characteristics—have been used to theoretically calculate the relationship between normal stress applied at the surface of the powder column and the measured torque. Good agreement between experimental torque measurement and simulations was observed for Xylitol, whereas significant differences were obtained in the cases of MCC and DCP. The reasons for (a) the discrepancies found for some powders submitted to translational (Jenike) and rotational (FT4) shear testing, and (b) differences with theoretical simulation are still poorly understood.     

Effect of argan kernel storage conditions on argan oil quality

In the present study, we investigated the relationships between storage conditions of argan kernels and argan oil quality over a 1‐year period. Argan kernels were packaged in black or white bags. Kernels in black bags were stored at room temperature (RT) while kernels in white bags were stored either at RT or at 4°C. Quality parameters periodically monitored over the 12 months were peroxide and acid value, oil yield, moisture content, UV absorption, and fatty acid composition. Whereas light had no impact on argan oil quality, only argan kernel storage at 4°C allowed a perfect preservation of argan oil quality after 1 year. Practical applications: In the present study we have established that solar light does not damage argan kernels in such a way that it could alter argan oil quality, and that argan kernels can be stored for up to 1 year at 4°C without alteration of argan oil quality. If stored at RT, argan kernels should be used within 10 months to prepare edible argan oil.