Antiatherogenic effect of estrogen abolished by balloon catheter injury in cholesterol-clamped rabbits

The purpose of this study was to investigate the importance of an intact endothelial cell layer for the direct antiatherogenic effect of estrogen on the arterial wall. Thirty rabbits were bilaterally ovariectomized and subjected to mechanical injury of the endothelium by balloon catheterization of the upper thoracic aorta. Immediately after the operation, treatment was initiated with either 17 beta-estradiol or placebo given intramuscularly. All rabbits were clamped at a similar plasma cholesterol level from 1 week before the operation until the experiment was terminated 13 weeks later. In the undamaged aorta, ie, the aortic arch, the lower thoracic aorta, and the upper abdominal aorta, the estrogen-treated rabbits had one third (P = .06), one sixth (P = .002), and one seventh (P = .001), respectively, the accumulation of cholesterol of the placebo-treated rabbits. In the upper thoracic aorta that had been subjected to mechanical injury of the endothelium, however, aortic cholesterol accumulation was not significantly different between the two groups. Similar results were obtained by histological evaluation of the aortic tissues. Immunohistochemical staining with antibodies against macrophages, smooth muscle cells, and T lymphocytes revealed no significant differences in the intimal distribution of cells between estrogen- and placebo-treated rabbits, except for a higher number of T lymphocytes per unit intimal area of the undamaged aortic arch (P < .0005) in the estrogen-treated-rabbits than the placebo-treated rabbits. This is the first study to demonstrate that the antiatherogenic effect of estrogen is abolished by balloon catheter injury in cholesterol-clamped rabbits. These results may indicate that an intact endothelial cell layer is crucial for the direct antiatherogenic effect of estrogen on the arterial wall.     

Audit of ascertainment of deaths to children born in Cumbria, UK, 1950-89 through the NHS central register

Expression of mdm-2 mRNA was measured in 90 ovarian-cancer tissue specimens using the S1 nuclease assay, to investigate a possible association between MDM2 expression and prognosis. mdm-2 mRNA expression was an independent prognostic factor for patients with primary ovarian cancer, FIGO (International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics) stages III and IV (n = 57), who all received chemotherapy with carboplatin or cisplatin and cyclophosphamide. Median survival time for patients (FIGO stages III and IV) with no detectable expression of mdm-2 mRNA (n = 14) was 171 days, as compared with 839 days for patients (n = 43) with detectable mdm-2 mRNA (p = 0.0194; log-rank test). However, no association between mdm-2 mRNA expression and survival was observed for patients with FIGO stages I and II who did not receive chemotherapy. mdm-2 expression was not associated with FIGO stage, residual disease, histologic grade and type. Our results suggest that mdm-2, which is known to disrupt p53 function, sensitizes ovarian-cancer cells to cisplatin/cyclophosphamide, possibly by inhibition of p53-mediated G1 cell-cycle arrest and p53-stimulated nucleotide-excision repair.     

The incidence, morbidity, and mortality of surgical procedures after orthotopic heart transplantation

OBJECTIVE: The authors present their experience with patients having undergone orthotopic heart transplantation (OHT) in whom surgical conditions subsequently developed that required operative intervention. The incidence, morbidity, and mortality of these procedures are reported. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Several studies have evaluated the management options of biliary tract disease after OHT. Multiple reports of patients having undergone OHT who subsequently underwent peripheral vascular reconstructions, plastic reconstructive, and thoracic procedures also have been published. METHODS: A chart review of 349 patients who underwent OHT between 1985 and 1996 was conducted to identify surgical procedures that were required in the post-transplant period. Their outcomes are reported. RESULTS: Of 349 patients who underwent OHT, conditions requiring 94 surgical procedures developed in 54 patients (15%). Biliary tract disease developed in 17 patients (5%) who required cholecystectomy, 2 of the 5 patients with acute cholecystitis died. Eight patients (2%) underwent orthopedic procedures with no operative mortality. Flap advancements for sternal wound infections were performed in five patients and four deaths occurred. Seventeen thoracic procedures were performed in 11 patients with an overall mortality of 45%. Twenty-one vascular procedures were performed on 17 patients with 1 delayed death due to a malignancy. Seven patients underwent procedures of the colon and rectum with no mortality. Seven patients underwent repair of inguinal or incisional hernias with no mortality. Various infections occurred with one resultant death after operative intervention. Six procedures were performed for diseases of the small intestine with no resultant mortalities. CONCLUSIONS: Patients having undergone OHT and chronic immunosuppression are at increased risk of having complications develop from infection. Acute cholecystitis and sternal wound infection caused an inordinate risk of complications and death. Malignancies developed in four patients who required surgical intervention. A heightened awareness of coexisting peripheral vascular disease in patients transplanted for ischemic cardiomyopathy should exist. Close screening before surgery and surveillance after surgery to identify risk factors for infection and vascular disease and to screen for malignancies are essential.     

Unique Features of Mobile Commerce

While the market potentials and impacts of web-based e-commerce are still in the ascendant, the advances in wireless technologies and mobile networks have brought about a new business opportunity and research attention, what is termed mobile commerce. Commonly, mobile commerce is considered to be another new application of existing web-based e-commerce onto wireless networks, but as an independent business area, mobile commerce has its own advantages and challenges as opposed to traditional e-commerce applications. This paper focuses on exploring the unique features of mobile commerce as compared with traditional e-commerce. Also, there are still some limitations arisen in m-commerce in contrast to web-based e-commerce. Finally, current state of mobile commerce in Japan is presented in brief, with an introduction of several cases involving mobile commerce applications in today's marketplace.     

Sexually transmitted infection as a cause of anal cancer

BACKGROUND: The incidence of anal cancer has increased in recent decades, particularly among women. To identify underlying risk factors, we conducted a population-based case-control study in Denmark and Sweden. METHODS: We conducted telephone interviews with 324 women and 93 men in whom invasive or in situ anal cancer was diagnosed between 1991 and 1994, 534 controls with adenocarcinoma of the rectum, and 554 population controls. The interviews covered a wide spectrum of possible risk factors for anal cancer. Odds ratios were calculated by logistic regression. Specimens of anal-cancer tissue and samples of rectal adenocarcinomas were tested for human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA with the polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Multivariate analysis revealed consistent and statistically significant associations between measures of sexual promiscuity and the risk of anal cancer in both men and women. There was a significant trend toward an association between higher numbers of partners of the opposite sex in women (P<0.001) and men (P<0.05) and strong associations with a variety of venereal diseases. In women, receptive anal intercourse, particularly before the age of 30 years, and venereal infections in the partner were also associated with an increased risk (odds ratios, 3.4 and 2.4, respectively). Fifteen percent of the men with anal cancer reported having had homosexual contact, as compared with none of the controls (P<0.001). High-risk types of HPV, notably HPV-16, were detected in 84 percent of the anal-cancer specimens examined, whereas all rectal-adenocarcinoma specimens tested were negative for HPV. CONCLUSIONS: Our study provides strong evidence that a sexually transmitted infection causes anal cancer. The presence of high-risk types of HPV, notably HPV-16 (which is known to cause cancer of the cervix), in the majority of anal-cancer tissue specimens suggests that most anal cancers are potentially preventable.     

Selective cytotoxicity of two rodent T cell lymphomas to rat yolk sac tumours involves a retroviral envelope protein expressed by the lymphoma

OBJECTIVE: To test a model for the study of inequalities in hospitalizations in the city of Ribeirao Preto (SP), understanding them to be due both to the social position of inpatients and also to health care policies in Brazil. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Using a hospital information system in existence for more than 25 years in the city of Ribeirao Preto-SP, 56.293 hospitalizations of municipal inhabitants occurring in some of the 12 general hospitals in 1993, were studied. Using the Brazilian occupancy classification for mortality, these inpatients were grouped on 6 occupational levels, as in the British classification: professional, intermediate, qualified non manual, qualified manual, partially qualified and unqualified. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Two-thirds of the inpatients had no place in the i.e. did not belong to the economically active population--and consisted of housewives, pensioners, children and students--and one third had some economic activity and thus belonged to the economically the active population. A close association was found between social strata and the classification of the hospital financing system into private, private group clinic and public health system patients. There were differences in hospital parameters as well as in morbidity patterns between these groups. The inequalities relating to average age, average age of hospital deaths, mean lengths of stay, hospital mortality, re-internment and frequency of diseases are discussed. This model allows the social position of the inpatient to be estimated using the hospital financing system, including also those patients with no economic activity, which covers the majority of the population. Social mechanisms created to compensate for inequalities in the welfare state do not cancel out the social differences.     

Malignant pyodermas revisited

The concept of malignant pyoderma (MP) has created controversy since its origin. The distinction of this disease from pyoderma gangrenosum was based on clinical criteria and response to treatment. Herein we discuss our current ideas on this entity and its possible relationship to Wegener's granulomatosis (WG). Follow-up data from the three original cases of MP are reported, as well as additional clinical and laboratory data from cases subsequently thought to represent MP. Many of these cases have similar clinical features such as facial and periauricular ulceration and occasionally signs or symptoms of WG, including positive titers of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (with a diffuse cytoplasmic staining pattern) (cANCA). MP represents a distinctive clinical disorder and may be a dermal manifestation of WG. Some cases of MP may represent pyoderma gangrenosum or other undefined systemic illnesses. Such cases of WG can be distinguished on the basis of clinical, histopathologic, and laboratory evidence including cANCA titers. MP should no longer be used as a final clinical diagnosis.