Experimental study and modeling of pressure loss for foam-cuttings mixture flow in horizontal pipe

In this study,we first sought to elucidate foam rheology to describe foam flow behavior,and then to experimentally investigate the pressure losses for both foam and foam-cuttings flow in a horizontal pipe by considering both varied foam qualities of 80%, 85% and 90% and foam velocities.Also,a two-layer numerical model to predict pressure loss was developed based on experimental observations of cuttings behavior.Results show that the foam behaves like a power-law fluid.Furthermore,and the pressure loss signi...     

MILK BASIC PROTEIN ENHANCES THE BONE STRENGTH IN OVARIECTOMIZED RATS

We studied the effects of milk basic protein (MBP) on bone metabolism in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. Five‐week‐old female Sprague‐Dawley rats were ovariectomized and fed a low‐calcium diet (0.009% Ca) for 5 weeks. The OVX rats were divided into three experimental groups: Control group (20% casein), MBP‐L group (19.9% casein, 0.1% MBP), and MBP‐H (19% casein, 1% MBP) of six animals. The rats were fed each experimental diet for 3 weeks. The bone breaking strength and energy of femur in the MBP‐H group were significantly higher than those in the control group. The bone breaking energy of femur in the MBP‐L group was also significantly higher than those in the control group. There were no differences in the amount of femoral calcium and phosphorus among the three groups, however, the amounts of femoral proline, hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine (typical amino acids of collagen) in the MBP groups were significantly higher than those in the control group. These data indicate that MBP in the whey protein increases the amount of the bone collagen and enhances the bone strength.     

SAFETY EXAMINATION OF SOME EDIBLE OR MEDICINAL PLANTS AND PLANT CONSTITUENTS, PART 3

The carcinogenicity of vicia, galanga, lathyrus and lycium, which are plants used as human food or in folk medicine, and of caffeic acid and prunasin, which are plant constituents, was examined in an inbred strain of ACI rats. Fresh plant materials were dried, milled and mixed with the rat basal diet in the ratio of 16% and 33% of the total. The plant constituents, caffeic acid and prunasin, were mixed with the basal diet in the ratio of 0.5% and 0.03%, respectively. These diets were administered to rats for periods ranging upward from 180 days. Carcinogenic activity was not observed with any of the plants or plant constituents.     

Long polymeric tips of atomic force microscopy for large biological samples

We show a new atomic force microscopy technique for obtaining high‐resolution topographic images of large bio‐samples. To obtain high‐resolution topographic images for the samples, we fabricated a long polymeric tip with a small protrusion using two‐photon adsorbed photo‐polymerization techniques. The obtained tip length was over 50 µm, and the tip was used directly to visualize COS‐1 and 293 cells. Compared with commercial tips, the long tip made it easier to obtain topographic images of the large cells. In the magnified topographic images, the sub‐100‐nm resolution was confirmed with the long tips. This long probe tip is expected to broaden large sample‐related studies and applications in the future.     

微复制金刚石研磨片对玻璃加工质量的影响

利用固结式微复制金刚石研磨片(Trizact Diamond Tile,TDT)对不同玻璃进行减薄研磨,确定不同粒度金刚石TDT的磨削去除率;研究了研磨后的玻璃加工质量,测量了玻璃表面粗糙度及玻璃亚表面损伤层的状态。同时用9μm粒度碳化硅浆料做对比研磨试验。结果表明,同样粒度的金刚石TDT与传统的碳化硅浆料研磨相比可以得到更高的磨削去除率,减少玻璃亚表面损伤层,降低粗糙度。对于康宁玻璃,9μm粒度的TDT可以达到95μm/min的磨削去除率,是同粒度碳化硅浆料研磨的2倍多;Ra可以达到0.37μm,明显好于碳化硅浆料研磨;亚表面损伤也减轻很多。采用2μm粒度的TDT研磨后可获得Ra0.09μm、接近透明的表面。     

Crystallographic Analysis of the Cubic-to-Tetragonal Phase Transformation in the ZrO2-Y2O3 System

The crystallography of diffusion-induced and diffusionless cubic-to-tetragonal phase transformations in the ZrO₂-Y₂O₃ system is examined on the basis of the phenomenological crystallographic theory by adopting the lsqb;011rsqb; (0 1 1) twinning system as the lattice invariant deformation system. Numerical calculation indicates that the principal axes of the cubic phase are not exactly parallel to those of the tetragonal phase and that the habit plane orientation is sensitive to the lattice parameters of the cubic and tetragonal phases. The calculated results are compared with the observed crystallography of the tetragonal precipitates formed by diffusion and of the metastable tetragonal phase formed in a diffusionless manner. In many aspects, the present results were in good agreement with experimental observations. In particular, the crystallography and morphology of the so-called "herringbone" structure are very well explained by the present analysis.     

A series of discrete-time models of a continuous-time system based on fluency signal approximation

A discrete-time system model based on the discretization of a continuous-time system has been called a sampled-data system. But, in such discretization of the continuous-time system, it has been assumed that input signal u(t) is a staircase signal, that is, u(τ) has a constant value of u(kh) = u_k over the integration interval. The present paper derives a series of discrete-time models of a continuous-time system based on m-order fluency signal approximation. It is revealed that the series of models includes and generalizes the conventional system model based on the assumption of staircase signal input (m = 1). Furthermore, the adaptive discretization is obtained by selecting the appropriate order m according to the characteristic (continuous differentiability) of the input signal of the continuous-time system we are dealing with. Thus, this concept provides a better family of the relationship between the discrete-time system model and the continuous-time system