Supervisory control using variable lookahead policies

This paper deals with the efficient on-line calculation of supervisory controls for discrete event systems (DES's) in the framework of limited lookahead control policies (or LLPs) that we introduced in previous papers. In the LLP scheme, the control action after a given trace of events has been executed is calculated on-line on the basis of anN-step ahead projection of the behavior of the DES. To compute these controls, one must calculate after the execution of each event the supremal controllable sublanguage of a finite language with respect to another finite larger language. In our previous work, we showed how the required supremal controllable sublanguage calculation can be performed by using a backward dynamic programming algorithm over the nodes of the tree representation of these two languages. In this paper, we pursue the same approach for the calculation of LLP controls, but instead we adopt a forward calculation procedure over theN-level tree of interest. This forward procedure improves upon previous work by avoiding the explicit consideration of all the nodes of theN-level tree, while still permitting tree-to-tree recursiveness as enabled events are executed by the system. The forward search ends whenever a control decision can be made unambiguously or whenever the boundary of theN-level tree is reached, whichever comes first. This motivates the name Variable Lookahead Policy (or VLP) for this implementation of the LLP supervisory control scheme. This paper presents a general VLP algorithm and studies the properties of several special cases of it. The paper also discusses the implementation of the VLP algorithms and presents computational results regarding the application of these algorithms to a time-varying DES.     

Preparation and characterization of poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) and Nylon 6 graft copolymer

Summary A poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) (PPO, 1) macroinitiator having carbonylcaprolactam groups was prepared through metalation of methyl group of PPO and subsequent modification to introduce carboxyl group, acid chloride group, and finally carbonylcaprolactam group. Anionic ring opening copolymerization of -caprolactam took place onto the macroinitiator to give a graft copolymer of PPO and Nylon 6. The structure of intermediate materials and the graft copolymer were characterized by ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, and IR spectroscopy. Glass transition temperatures and melting temperatures of these materials are also reported. It is found that the copolymer has a microphase-separated morphology even with segment molecular weight as low as 3000.     

Effects of surface oxide layers on crack initiation and growth of HSLA steel under cyclic loading in air and in ultrahigh vacuum

Effects of the thermally grown wustite on the fatigue crack initiation and growth in HSLA steel are evaluated as a function of oxide thickness, strain amplitude, and gaseous environment in the push-pull plastic strain control mode, with special attention being given to the early stage of microcrack initiation. Specimens with a wustite surface layer thermally grown to 0.2 and 0.6 m thicknesses show predominantly intergranular cracking at plastic strain amplitudes of 5×10^–4 and 1×10^–3 both in air and in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV), in contrast to the as-polished specimens where slip band cracking is the favoured mode. The cracking mode in the oxide layer is discussed in terms of the strain amplitude and the dislocation behaviour near the oxide/metal interface. The features of microcrack initiation in the oxide layer is not affected by the gaseous environment. Once, however, the surface oxide fractures, the rate of crack growth through the base metal is greatly reduced in UHV.     

Corrosion of aluminium nitride substrates in acid,alkaline solutions and water

Aluminium nitride substrates were immersed in acid, basic solutions and deionized water for 1–120 h at room temperature. The corrosion rates are higher in basic solutions (NaOH and KOH) than those in acid solutions (CH₃COOH, HCOOH, HNO₃, HCl and H₂SO₄) and deionized water. The weight loss of AIN corroded in alkali aqueous reaches 70% and results in an increase in surface roughness ranging from 10 nm to 7 m after 3 days corrosion. However, the weight loss in acid solution is only 1/700 of the alkali case. Violent chemical reactions between AIN and basic solutions were observed. Na₂O, or Na₂Al₂O₄·6H₂O, is the intermediate product, and NaOH is a catalytic agent of the reaction. The surface morphology of the AIN etched by alkaline solutions is coral-like in microscopic view and appears like hills. In contrast, only several atomic layers of AIN surface are etched off in acid solutions and in deionized water. The lightly etched surface is mirror-like and flat, and the shapes of the grains are visible under the microscope, as the corrosion rate of each AIN grain varies with different crystal orientations. Consequently, after etching in acid solutions, the resulting microscopic surface morphology looks like a map of a jigsaw puzzle.     

Heat conduction in Ba1?xKxBiO3

We have investigated heat conduction of single crystal Ba_1–xK_xBiO₃ in the temperature range of 2–300 K and in a magnetic field of up to 6 Tesla. Temperature dependence of thermal conductivity(T) reveals the participation of both electrons and phonons with their relative contributions that depend critically on the potassium doping concentration. Crystals underdoped with potassium (samples with higherT _c) exhibit a strong suppression of and a glass-like temperature dependence. In contrast, those with a higher potassium content (lowerT _c) show an increase as temperature decreases with a peak near 23 K. Field dependence of(H) is also very sensitive to the level of potassium doping. Crystals exhibiting a large phonon contribution show an initial drop in(H) at low fields followed by a minimum and then a slow rise to saturation as the field increases. The initial drop is due to the additional phonon scattering by magnetic vortices as the sample enters a mixed state. The high field behavior of(H), arising from a continuous break-up of Cooper pairs, exhibits scaling which suggests the presence of an unconventional superconducting gap structure in this material.     

基于级联多电平换流器的两级式储能系统控制策略

储能技术是构建以新能源为主体的新型电力系统的关键技术和维持微网可靠稳定运行的重要保证。国内外现有理论研究及示范工程主要集中于单级式链式储能系统,功率模块与电池系统之间无源连接,结构简单但控制自由度不高。同时,针对基于链式储能的电池荷电状态(state of charge,SOC)不均衡问题,现有的相内SOC均衡控制策略存在不同负载率适应性不足、极度不均衡时可能过调制等缺点,为此,文中基于两级式链式储能系统,研究其总体控制策略,对相间、相内SOC均衡策略进行分析,并提出一种自适应的相内SOC均衡策略,详细说明均衡控制参数的设计原则。该策略能有效地改善链式储能系统在轻载、重载等不同工况下的适应性和均衡效果。最终通过仿真验证了所提控制策略的可行性和有效性,从而为工程实施提供理论储备和技术支撑。     

基于DCC-GARCH的海上风电场出力空间相关性分析及预测

多座海上风电场出力之间存在一定的空间相关性,构建合适的风电出力相关性模型有助于提高风电出力的预测精度。针对空间相关性具有时变特性以及难以描述和衡量,提出基于动态条件相关广义自回归条件异方差（DCC-GARCH）模型的海上风电场出力相关性模型。利用多维正态分布和DCC-GARCH模型拟合多风电场的皮尔森相关系数,求解随时间变化的风电场出力空间相关系数,在准确表征空间相关性大小的同时体现空间相关性的时序变化特征。基于DCC-GARCH模型建立多座风电场出力动态空间相关性短期预测模型。基于江苏省盐城市海上风电场数据进行算例分析,结果验证了所提方法的合理性和有效性。     

一种小型化SIR交指带通滤波器设计

本文基于阶跃阻抗谐振器（SIR）比同频率均匀阻抗（UIR）尺寸更小的原理,结合薄膜工艺设计加工了一款小型化的交指滤波器。设计的SIR谐振器长度比UIR谐振器长度缩短了24.8%。使用该小型化的谐振器设计了一款小型化的交指滤波器。使用薄膜工艺在0.254 mm厚的相对介电常数为98的陶瓷基板上对滤波器进行加工。经测试,滤波器的通带为355~435 GHz,带内中心插损为3 dB,带内平坦度为17 dB,带内回波损耗小于-186 dB,在带外28与51 GHz处的抑制度分别为-428与-661 dB。滤波器尺寸仅为640 m×479 mm（021λg×016λg）。     

多小波系数增强动态聚合联邦深度网络的多工况故障诊断

针对分布式场景下单节点样本有限、多节点间工况分布不平衡等导致的深度学习故障诊断精度低的问题,提出一种多小波系数增强动态聚合联邦深度网络用于分布式小样本下的多工况机械故障诊断。提出多小波系数增强动态聚合联邦深度网络的诊断框架,单终端节点从本地样本中提取小波系数特征,提出多小波系数深度网络融合的特征增强方法,局部模型从多样性小波系数集合中提取更具判别性故障特征;聚合节点通过对多终端节点局部模型的聚合以构建全局联邦深度网络模型,并用于多工况故障诊断;为降低多节点间数据非独立同分布的影响,提出平衡模型贡献度的联邦动态加权聚合算法。轴承振动数据分析结果表明,所提方法能在分布式小样本条件下实现高精度的多工况故障诊断。     

测量噪声方差未知的多传感器组合导航集中融合算法

目前,多传感器组合导航系统的信息融合方法是建立在测量噪声方差已知的基础上,然而测量噪声方差会随着内部及外部的干扰而发生变化。为此,本文首先将基于变分贝叶斯逼近的自适应卡尔曼滤波(variational Bayesian approximation based adaptive Kalman filter, VB-AKF)从单一组合导航系统扩展到多传感器组合导航系统;然后,提出了多传感器组合导航系统的两种集中融合算法,即基于VB-AKF的增广式集中融合算法及基于VB-AKF的序贯式集中融合算法,以解决测量噪声方差未知情况下的多传感器组合导航的信息融合问题;最后,通过SINS/GNSS/CNS/ADS多传感器组合导航系统对上述算法进行了仿真验证。实验结果表明,本文所提两种算法滤波精度相同、且接近于测量噪声方差已知情况下的理想集中融合算法(ICKF)。在整个仿真时段内,相对于传统集中式卡尔曼滤波器(TCKF)及具有容错功能的联邦卡尔曼滤波算法(FT-FKF),本文算法可提高位置精度分别为32%和90%、提高速度精度分别为38%和71%。